Bio 21

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protists

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are the simplest. most diverse of the Eukaryotes. most are single-celled with some exist as colonies of cells or as multicellular. Has membrane organelles. Produce sexually and asexually.

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Characteristics of protist

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Kelp, brown alga, is multicellular

volvox, green algia, is colonial

Spirogyra,green alga, is filamentous.

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photoautotrophic

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protists that Synthesize organic compounds via photosynthesis.

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Protozoans

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Are a group of heterotrophic protists that obtain organic compounds from the environment. some Protozoans such as eugela , are mixotrophic

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Mixotrophic

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they are able to combine autotrophic or heterotrophic nutritional modes.

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asexual reproduction(protists)

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by mitosis is the norm in protists.

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sexual reproduction(protists)

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generally occurs when environmental conditions are unfavorable. protists can form spores or cysts

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Supergroup

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High level taxonomic will be below domain and above Kingdom. each supergroup represents a separate evolutionary lineage.

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Plankton

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organisms suspended in the water to serve as food for Heterothrophic protists and animals.

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Archaeplastida

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super group of green and red algae also includes land plants that have plastic

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Chromalveolata

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super group of brown and golden brown algae water molds and the alveolates must have plastids

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Excavata

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Suoergroup of Zooflagellates, often with distinctive oral grooves

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Super group amoebozoa

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protozoans that move via pseudopods.

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Supergroup Opisthokonta

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single celled and multi cellular proteins including choanoflagellates also includes animals and fungi

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Supergroup rhizara

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Foraminiferans and radiolarians

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Endosymbiosis

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the endosymbiotic theory proposed the eukaryotic cells acquired mitochondria and plastids including chloroplasts by engulfing a free living bacteria that developed a symbiotic relationship within the host cell.

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mitochondria

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were deprived first from the endosymbiosis of an aerobic bacterium

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Chloroplasts

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where deprived later from the endosymbiosis of a cyanobacterium.

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Archaeplastids

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Land plants and other photosynthetic organisms, such as green and red algae, that have plastics derived from endosymbiotic cyanobacteria

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green algae

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protists that contain both chlorophyll

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Charophytes

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thoughts of the green algea group most closely related to land plants

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Chlorophytes

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Chlamydomonas is a tiny photoautotrophic chlorophyte that inhabits still first water pools

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Pyreniod

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A dense body where starch is synthesized

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Haploid cells

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called vegetative cells have too long, whiplike flagella protecting from the end that operate with a breaststroke like motion.

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zoospores

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a haploid flagellated spores that grow to become adult vegetative cells. Completing the life cycle.

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Colony

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a loose association of independent cells. E.g., Volvox is colonial green algae

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Ulva

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multicellular chlorophyte, it's called sea lettuce

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Spirogyra

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unbranched chlorophyte in which each cell has a ribbon like chloroplast.

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Charophytes

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Filamentous algae

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Filaments

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End to end chains of cells.

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Conjugation

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A temporary union during which the cells exchange genetic materials.

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Red algae

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multicellular seaweeds that Possess is red and blue accessory pigments, which transfer energy from absorb light to the photopigment chlorophyll during photosynthesis

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include brown algae , diatoms golden brown algae and water molds

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Stramenopiles

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Brown algae

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Have chlorophylls a and c in thier chloroplasts. E.g.,Laminaria and fucus are seaweeds known as kelps. They live along rocky coasts of the north temperate zone.

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Diatoms

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tiny single celled Stramenopile with an ornate silica shell.

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Golden brown algae

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Derive their distinctive color from yellow brown carotenoid accessory pigments

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Water molds

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Fungus like protists, often seen as furry growths on their food source. Saprotrophic and live off dead organic matter

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Alveolates

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have alveoli( small air sacs) fine just beneath their plasma membranes that are thought to lens support to the cell surface or a in membrane transport.

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Dinoflagellates

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Single-celled, photoautotrophic algae encased by protective cellulose and silicate plates.

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Ciliates

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Single cell protist that move by means of cilia. Ichthyophthirius is an ectoparasitic protozoan that causes a common disease in dishes called "ick". during asexual reproduction divide by transverse binary fission. two types of nucleus macronucleus controls metabolism micronucleus participate in reproduction.

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Trichocysts

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Oval capsules that lies beneath the pellicle

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Apicoplexans

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Also known as sporozoans. which have unique organelle called an apicoplast,which is used to penetrate a host. Plasmodium, responsible for malaria.