Bio 20B, Chapter 45.1: Neurons And Nervous System

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amygdala is Latin for:

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"almond"

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The amygdalais:

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The brain's center for the emotion and memory of fear.

This is the "scare center" of the brain.

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What happens when the amygdala is activated?

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The heart beats faster, breathing becomes rapid and shallow, and hands become cold and clammy.

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Charles Whitman

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A man who, in 1966, went on a killing spree. It was found that a tumor was pressing on his amygdala.

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neuron

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A nervous system cell that can generate and conduct action potentials along an axon to a synapse with another cell.

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glia

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Cells of the nervous system that do not conduct action potentials.

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action potential

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An impulse in a neuron taking the form of a wave of depolarization or hyperpolarization

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axon

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The part of a neuron that conducts action potentials away from the cell body.

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nerve

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A structure consisting of many neuronal axons and connective tissues.

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neural network

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An organized group of neurons that contains three functional categories of neurons--afferent neurons, interneurons, and efferent neurons--and is capable of processing information.

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afferent neurons

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Carrying to, as in a neuron that carries impulses to the central nervous system (afferent neuron) or a blood vessel that carries blood to a structure

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sensory neurons

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A speciaized neuron that transduces a particular type of sensory stimulus into action potentials.

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efferent

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Carrying outward or away from, as in a neuron that carries impulses outward from the central nervous system (efferent neuron), or a blood vessel that carries blood away from a structure.

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interneuron

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A neuron that communicates information between two other neurons

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efferent neuron

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carry commands to physiological and behavioral effectors such as muscles and glands

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ganglion

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(plural: ganglia)

A cluster of neurons that have similar characteristics and function

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brain

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The centralized integrative center of a nervous system

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central nervous system

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That portion of the nervous system that is the site of most information processing, storage, and retrieval; in vertebrates, the brain and spinal cord

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peripheral nervous system

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The portion of the nervous system that transmits information to and from the central nervous system, consisting of neurons that extend or reside outside the brain or spinal cord and their supporting cells.

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synapse

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A specialized type of junction where a neuron meets its target cell (which can be another neuron or some other type of cell) and information in the form of neurotransmitter molecules is exchanged across a synaptic cleft

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presynaptic neuron

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The neuron that transmits information to another cell at a synapse

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postsynaptic cell

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The cell that receives information from a neuron at a synapse

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dendrite

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A fiber of a neuron which often cannot carry action potentials. Usually much branched and relatively short compared with the axon, and commonly carries information to the cell body of the neuron.

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axon terminals

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The endings of an axon; they form synapses and release neurotransmitter.

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oligodendrocyte

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A type of glial cell that myelinates axons in the central nervous system.

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Schwann cells

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A type of glial cell that myelinates axons in the peripheral nervous system.

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myelin

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Concentric layers of plasma membrane that form a sheath around some axons; myelin provides the axon with electrical insulation and increases the rate of transmission of action potentials.

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astrocyte

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A type of glial cell that contributes to the blood-brain barrier by surrounding the smallest, most permeable blood vessels in the brain.

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blood-brain barrier

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A property of blood vessels in the brain that prevents most chemicals from diffusing from the blood into the brain

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microglia

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Glial cells that act as macrophages and mediators of inflammatory responses in the central nervous system.

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What are the two types of cells which make up the nervous system?

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nerve cells (neurons)

glial cells (glia)

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nerve impulses are also called

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action potentials

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_______ generate and transmit electrical signals (action potentials)

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neurons

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_________ allows neurons to conduct action potentials over long distances

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axons

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Do glia conduct action potentials?

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No!

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________ support neurons physically, immunologically, and metabolically

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glia

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What are the three functional categories of neural networks?

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-afferent neurons
-efferent neurons
-interneurons

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transduce

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convert

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______ neurons carry sensory information into the nervous system

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afferent

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_________ neurons carry commands to physiological and behavior effectors

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efferent

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___________ neurons integrate and store information

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interneurons

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___________ neurons communicate between afferent and efferent neurons

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interneurons

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Cnidaria

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a phylum containing aquatic species such as jelly fish and sea anemones

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nerve net

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serves simple behaviors such as contraction and relaxation

(e.g., in sea anemones)

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The human brain and spinal cord are the:

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central nervous system

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the CNS communicates to the cells and organs of the body via the

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peripheral nervous system

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In vertebrates, most cells of the nervous system are found in:

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the brain and spinal cord

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What does CNS stand ford?

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central nervous system

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What does PNS stand for?

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peripheral nervous system

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cerebellum

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integrates sensory and motor information

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brain stem

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structures which serve basic physiological functions

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How many neurons in the human nervous system?

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~ 10^11

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The neuron sending information is called:

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presynaptic neuron

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The neuron receiving information is called the:

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postsynaptic neuron