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115 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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anterior
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situated at the front
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ventral
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belly surface
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posterior
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behind
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dorsal
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back surface
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cranial or cephalic
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closer to the head
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superior
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above
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caudal
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closer to the tail than another
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inferior
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below
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medial
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toward midline
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lateral
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away from midline
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lateral
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away from midline
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proximal
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close to origin
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distal
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far from origin
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superficial
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structure close to surface of body
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WHAT PROVIDES DETAILS, FACTS, FIGURES, AND EXAMPLES
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SUPPORT SENTENCES
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transverse plane
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divides body into superior and inferior (top and bottom)
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sagittal plane
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divides body into left and right
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frontal plane
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divides body into front and back (ventral and dorsal)
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prone
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lying face up
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supine
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lying face down
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cranial
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contains brain, parts of spinal nerves
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spinal
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space in vertebrae through which spinal cord passes
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thoracic
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rib cage surrounds cavity and diaphragm
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pericardial
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cavity that surrounds the heart
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pleural
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surrounds each lung
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abdominal
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contains stomach, intestines, liver, spleen
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pelvic
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urinary bladder, part of the intestine and reproductive organs
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anatomy
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the branch of biology that attempts to understand how things are structured internally and externally
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physiology
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the branch of biology that attempts to understand how things work
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dynamic equilibrium
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maintaining the internal state within narrow limits even during external change
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Autoregulation (intrinsic regulation)
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occurs when the activity of a cell/ tissue/ organ adjusts automatically in response to environmental change
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Extrinsic regulation
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changes result from the actions of the nervous or endocrine system
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Negative Feedback
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change proceeds in direction opposite of stimulus, used for control and regulation, ignore minor variations
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Positive Feedback
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response exaggerates original stimulus, proceeds in same direction as change, used for amplification, regulates a stressful process that must be completed quickly.
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Catabolic Reaction
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snipping large into small
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Anabolic
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builds small into large
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Plasma Membrane
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walls of the factory
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Mitochondria
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energy plant of fctory
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Vacuoles
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packages in and out of the walls
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Lipids
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bi-layer (hydrophobic tails inside, Cholesterol
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Proteins
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Receptor, channel, transport, attachment, recognition/marker, types: integral, peripheral
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Carbohydrates
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surface lubrication receptors, recognition, GLYCOCALYX
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Diffusion
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movement based on gradient
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Filtration
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membrane as a semi-porous sieve due to hydrostatic pressure
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Facilitated transport
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carrier mediated
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Vesicular Transport
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Endo vs, Exo-cytosis
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Hydrostatic pressure
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mechanical driving force pushes (ex. heart beat, syringe plunger)
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Isotonic
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cell stays the same
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Hypertonic
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cell shrinks because fluids leaves the cell
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Hypotonic
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cell inflates because fluid enters the cell
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Cytoskeleton
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filaments and tubules for movement
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Microvilli
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microfilament folds increase surface area
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Centrioles
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used at poled in cell division
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Cilia and flagella
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movement
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Ribosomes
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type of RNA for protein synthesis
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Endoplasmic Reticulum
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synthesis, store, transport
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Golgi Apparatus
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membrane manufacture (in and out)
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Lysosomes
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digestive enzymes, autolysis, defense
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Mitochondria
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aerobic respiration bacteria symbiant
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Functions of Epithelia
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providing physical protection
controlling permeability providing sensation producing specialized secretions |
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Gap Junctionss
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interlocking membrane proteins
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Tight junctions
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fusion of external lipid layers
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Desmosomes
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fine filaments in and out
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Basement membrane
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connections to other tissues, resist passage of large molecules, strengthens against distortion
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Function of Connective Tissue
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Support and protection
Transport Storage of energy reserves Defense |
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Fibroblasts
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most abundant cell in CT, produces and maintains fibers and ground substance
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Macrophages
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scattered throughout, engulf and phagocytize damaged cells or pathogens
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Adipoctes
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store a large droplet of lipids; organelles are squeezed to one side of cell membrane
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Mast cells
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small, mobile cells; cytoplasms is packed with vesicles filled with chemicals that are released to begin immune response
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Mesenchymal cells
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stem cells that response to injury or infection by dividing to produce fibroblasts, macrophages or other CT cells
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Melanocytes
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synthesize and produce melanin
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Lymphocytes
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immunity
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Microphages
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small phagocytic cells that are attracted by the release of chemical signals from active macrophages and mast cells
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Mucous
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line cavities, communicate with exterior
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Serous
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line the sealed; internal cavities (heart, lungs)
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Cutaneous
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skin
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Synovial
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bone articulations; cartilage and lubricant
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Dendrites
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input region of the neuron
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Soma
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the main body containing nucleus
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Axons
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long output arm of the neuron
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Synapse
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region between neurons
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Hemangioma Tumor
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the most benign(non-killing) tumor of childhood. caused by proliferation of capillaries
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Nevus tumor
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most common is mole or birthmark
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Integumentary System
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skin and the organs derived from it (hair, glands, nails)
largest organ (10-11 pounds od body) |
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Dermatology
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Study of Skin
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Serous Membranes (epithelial membrane)
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lining of cavities and covering of organs, secrete serous (watery) fluid for lubrication
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Mucous Membrane (epithelial mem)
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line cavities that open to the outside
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Cutaneous Membrane
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the skin and the major organ of the integumentary system
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5 layers of Epidermis
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1. stratum basale (germinativum)
2. stratum spinosum- spiny like 3. stratum granulosum 4. stratum lucidum (lucid= clear) 5. stratum corneum (coreum=horny) |
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Stratum basale (germinativum)
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single layer of cuboidal or columnar cells, basement membrane attaches to dermis, stem cells produce keratinocytes, melanocytes-pigment producing
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Stratum spinosum
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8 to 10 layera attached by desmosomes, keratinocytes take in melanosomes
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Stratum granulosum
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3 to 5 layers, keratinization begins, cells beginning to die
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Stratum lucidum
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more apparent in thick skin, 3 to 5 layers, eleidin
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stratum corneum
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dead, flat cells full of keratin, keratin is waterproof, cells are shed
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Papillary layer
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composes 20% of dermis, loose connective tissue, very vascular, dermal papillae (fingerprints)
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Reticular net layer
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dense connective tissue, sebaceous oil glands, hair follicles, sweat gland ducts, stretch marks
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Functions of Skeletal System
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protection, support, leverage, storage of minerals and lipids (calcium), blood cell production
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Example of Long Bone
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femur, humerus
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Example of Short bone
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carpal, tarsals
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Example of flat bone
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shoulder blade, scapula
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Example of irregular bone
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vertebrae of spinal column
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Compact Bone
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dense, relatively solid, located on exterior surface of bones for protection
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Spongy bone
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has spongy appearance, network of struts with spaces for marow, located in interior of bomes,
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Composition of Bone: Ground Substance
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mostly calcium phosphate, amorphous, loosely bound)
good compression but shutter w/ linear force |
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Composition of Bone:Collagen Fibers
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good for twisting and limited linear force
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Cells in Bone
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osetocytes, osteblasts (build), osteroclasts (kill), osteoprogenitors
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Osteoblasts
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small cells on the outer surface of bones that aid in mineral deposition onto bones (ossification)
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Osteoclasts
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large phagocytotic, multinucleated cells that if in reabsorption of minerals from bones
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Osteocytes
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mature bone cells in lacunae, processes in canaliculi
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Ossification
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replacement of cartilage into bone
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calcification
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deposition of Ca++ salts
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Intramembranous Ossification
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bone develops within sheet of CT, typically deep in dermal layers, osetoblasts arise from CT stem cells, matrix calcifies, flat bones of skull, lower jaw, clavicles
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Endochondral ossification
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bone replaces existing cartilage
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Bone: Increase in length
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new cartilage deposited at epiphyseal plate, on the shaft side of the plate ossification occurs, osteoblast activity inc. w/ inc. in sex hormone
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Bone: Increase in diameter
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Appositional growth= growth from outside
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