Bio 207 Biology Of Organisms

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Osmoregulation

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Is the maintenance by an organism of an internal balance between water and dissolved material regardless of environmental conditions

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Osmolarity

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is the total molar concentration of the solutes it affects the osmotic potential of solution or nutrient medium

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Tonicity

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when a cell is exposed to a given solution a new equilibrium will be reached in which the solutes in the solution and cell crossing the cell membrane will be equal the tonicity refers to whether a cell will shrink expand or keep the same volume in that solution terms being when the cell volume is the same isomotic if expands are swells hyperosmotic of if it shrinks hyposmotic

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Hemolysis

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is the rapture of a red blood cell (erythrocyte) by a hypotonic solution red blood cells have an approximate .9 % solute concentration

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Relationship between salinity and conductivity

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salinity can be used to measure conductivity the idea being that a salty solution has charged particles that will condict electricity

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Absorbance

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is the ability of a medium to absorb radiation depenedent on temperature and wavelength

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osmolality

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The ratio of solutes (such as electrolytes) to fluid. It is measured in osmoles per kilogram of fluid. One osmole is equal to the molecular weight of the substance in grams divided by the number of ions or other particles the substance dissociates into when in solution.

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What is animal Physiology

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the study of animal function the study of how animals work

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In Physiology mechanism refers to

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the components of actual living animals and the intractions among those components that enable the animals to perform as they do

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Natural selection

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is the increase in frequency of genes that produce phenotypes that raise the likelihood that the animal will survive and reproduce

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Adaptation

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is a physiological mechanism or other trait that is products of evolution by natural selection

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The environment of most cells consists of a set of conditions prevailing where?

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in the tissue fluids or blood

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internal environment

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refers to the internal conditons such as temperature, pH, sodium content experienced by the cell

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Homeostatis

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Encompasses physiological processes that allow an organism to maintain internal equilibrium

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Acute responses

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by defintion are responses exhibited during the first minutes or hours after environmental change

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Chronic responses

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are expressed following prolonged exposure to new environmental conditions

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Acclimation

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a chronic response to a changed response laboratory response

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Acclimatization

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is a chronic response of individuals to a changed environment when the new and old environments are differemt natural environments that can occur in numerous ways

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Phenotypic plasticity

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the ability of an individual animal to express two or more genectically controlled phenotypes

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Environment

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is defined to be all the chemical physical and biotic components of an organisms

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microenvironment

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places within an environment that potentially differ from the larger environment as a whole

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August Krogh Principle

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"For many problems there is an animal on which it can be most conveniently studied

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Biomes

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"the world's major communities, classified according to the predominant vegetation and characterized by adaptations of organisms to that particular environment"

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What is the formula for ficks equation

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M= Flow= Dk A [C1-C2/delta X]

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The five types of functional protein in the the membrane

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Channels, transportors, enzymes, receptors and structural protein

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What is the purpose of the cell membrane

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to maintain the composition of fluid inside the cell and functions as a regulator communicator barrier and supporter

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What is the intracellular fluid

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cytoplasm, cytosol and nuclueus nucleous

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what is the extracellular fluids

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interstitial and plasma

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Primary Active Transport

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Sodium-potassium pump (Na+-K+-ATPase pump)▸Antiport carrier▸Moves 2 K+in and 3 Na+out of the cell▸Very important transport protein

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Describe the relationship between Bony fishes (Teleosts)fluids with that of seawater

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usually have the same osmotic concentration of that of sea water 1000 mosm or osmo regulate at a lower concentration so when hypotonic to sea water they drink the sea water absorb water across there intestinal epithelium with a urine isotonic to blood also have chloride cells in the gill epithelium to mediate transport of excess salts into the blood

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Describe the relationship of marine invertebrates the hagfishes

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both osmo and ionconform there intracellular and extracellular fluids is almost the same of that of seawater

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Describe the significance of the urine of marine elasmobranchs

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they osoconform but ionregulate at about 600 mOsm use very concentrated urea and TMAO (trimethylamine oxide) counteracts the negative effect making up the osmotic gap of that and seawater

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Describe the relationship of marine freshwater animals with that of the outside environment

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both osmo and ionoregulate body fluids are hyoerosmotic to aqueous environment they dont drink water have skin with a low permeability to salt and water have a strong talent when it comes to taking salt from very dilute environment excess water is eliminated with a very dilute urine and ions are gains by active transport across gills, skin, or gut

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what is the major focus of water loss in terrestrial animals?

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Evaporative water loss EWL

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How is water most likely to be gained by a terrestrial animals ?

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drinking water preformed water and metabolic water production and can also be absorbed by the body surface

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How do antropods minimize evaporative water loss

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have chitinuous exoskeleton covered in a waxy cuticle that forms a barrier to evaporation

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how do reptiles minimize EWL

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have cornified epethelium that increases resistance

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Marine reptiles and birds because they can not concentrate their urine does...

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they have specialized glands fpr secretion of salts in a strong hyperosmotic fluid salt glands are above the orbit in above the nose in reptiles also counter current exchange of heat and water in the respiratory passages of reptiles and birds reduces respiratory water loss

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how do birds reptiles and mammels minimize respiratory water loss

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also counter current exchange of heat and water in the respiratory passages of reptiles and birds reduces respiratory water loss

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What is so special about the kangaroo rat

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they are nocturnal to avoid water loss the avoid heat and sun excretes concentrated urine and eat dry fecal pellet as a source of metabolic water and does not ever drink

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Terrestrial anthropods birds and reptile usually produce what type of urine

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insoluble uric acid as nitrogenous waste material and mixing of urine and feces in the hindgut where water can be re absorbed minimizing excretory water loss

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Mammals unfortunately do not have salt glands what do they do

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remove excess ions by producing urine that is hyperosmotic to blood and minimize respiratory water loss by the expanision of the nasal passages

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how does the antidiuretic hormone regulate osmolarity og the body fluids

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opposes diuresis modulates the excretory organs so that a relatively low volume of concentrated urine is produced its prinicipal effect is on the kidneys to control the excretion of pure water

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Bowman's capsule of the kidney contains glomerular blood vessels what forces drive ultrafilitration

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the renal artery that sends blood to the kidney splits up into arteriole each feeding a nephron and they also split into capillaries which form a knot called a glomerulus this is surrounded by the bowmans capsule the arteriole leading into tge glomerulus is wider than the one leading out so there is a high pressure build up in the capallariesof the glomerilus and this forces blood out water is absorbed back into the blood by osmosis

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what structure in the mammalian kidney allows it to excrete hypertonic urine?

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variation in nephron structure in the kidneys allows a animal to osmoregulate in their various environment mammels and desert animals have very long loops of henle that maintain steep osmotic gradients in the kidney

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in which limb of the loop of henle does water leave passively?

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the decending limb low permeability to ions and urea

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in which limb does sodium chloride passively enter the tubule

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the thick ascending limb is where sodium chloride is actively reabsorbed from urea and is passively transported along a concentration gradient into the potassium pum p

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is the ability to excrete a hyperosmotic urine a passiveo r active process? if active where does the ATP come from?

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kidneys produce hyperosmotic urine less h2o than blood plasma a concentrating mechanism called countercurrent multiplication generates a osmotic gradient that draws out of the tubules to be re absorved of NaCL

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what are some examples of euryhaline creatures

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green crab, mussel, shrimp, the mussel increses the amount of amino acids as osmotic pressure increases

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how much water do most animals lose in the feces

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70-80 percent

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oxadative metabolic water yields how much water

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.6 grams for 1 gram of glucose