Bio 206 - Exam I

Front 1

Energy and matter are ______.

Back 1

conserved

Front 2

Node -

Back 2

where the leaf attaches to the stem

Front 3

Matter can be rearranged to release or store energy;

Back 3

energy can be used to rearrange matter

Front 4

Land plants are photosynthetic, multicellular eukaryotes that are __________ and _________(on the parent generation) embryos

Back 4

multicellular, dependent

Front 5

Parent generation provides _________ and ______to the embryos

Back 5

nutrients and protection

Front 6

Eudicot: Leaf ventilation –

Back 6

veins netlike

Front 7

Eudicot: Stem vasculatures –

Back 7

vascular bundles arranged in ring

Front 8

Eudicot: Roots –

Back 8

taproot present

Front 9

Eudicot: Flowers –

Back 9

Floral parts in multiples or 4 or 5

Front 10

Eudicot: Embryo –

Back 10

Embryo and two cotyledon

Front 11

Monocots: veins –

Back 11

veins paralell

Front 12

Monocots: stem vasculation –

Back 12

vascular bundles scattered

Front 13

Monocots: roots –

Back 13

Fibrous roots

Front 14

Monocots: Flower –

Back 14

Floral parts in multiples of 3

Front 15

Monocots: Embryos –

Back 15

one cotyledon pressed agains the embryo

Front 16

Two largest (but not only) groups of angiosperms are

Back 16

eudicots and monocots

Front 17

Land plants are descendants of _______ _________ _______that colonized land

Back 17

multicellular green algae

Front 18

Environmental Challenges to plants: 1) Desiccation, 2) gas exchange, 3) support, 4) transporting fluids, 5) reproduction in a dry environment, and 6) animal herbivory

Back 18

Adaptive Solutions of plants: 1) waxy cuticle, 2) stomata, 3) lignified cell walls in specialized tissues, 4) vascular tissues, 5) transition to non-motile sperm cells and new forms of pollen dispersal, 6) leaf modifications and toxins

Front 19

Plants are organized into the _____ system and the _____ system

Back 19

root..shoot

Front 20

The ____ system consists of stems and leaves

Back 20

shoot

Front 21

The ____ system anchors the plant and provides water and nutrients for the shoot system

Back 21

root

Front 22

Phytomer -

Back 22

repeating structure composed of a node the internode, and the auxiliary bud

Front 23

Two types of buds in shoot system:

Back 23

auxillary bud and terminal bud

Front 24

The major functions of roots are…

Back 24

… to anchor the plant and take up water and dissolved minerals; they do not do photosynthesis; can also function as storage in some cases

Front 25

The major function of stems is

Back 25

to elevate and support leaves and flowers;

Front 26

Plants must be elevated in order to…

Back 26

…get closer to the sun, reduce competition with other plants, and improve surface area for gas exchange

Front 27

A plant’s main driver for the push to grow upward is...

Back 27

…to outcompete other plants

Front 28

Stems other functions:

Back 28

support, transport, and store

Front 29

The major function of leaves is to…

Back 29

…synthesize carbohydrates as a food source through photosynthesis;

Front 30

Leaf other functions include:

Back 30

gas exchange, funneling water down toward the roots, providing protection and shelter to stem and roots

Front 31

Blade:

Back 31

structure of the leaf

Front 32

Petiole:

Back 32

connects the leaf to the stem

Front 33

The flower is the reproductive organ; only found in ________

Back 33

angiosperms

Front 34

Stems and leaves may be highly modified. 3 Examples:

Back 34

Tubers, enlargened stems, and runners

Front 35

Tuber -

Back 35

a modified stem that is a storage site (ex. Potato)

Front 36

Barrel cactus is an enlarged ______ for water storage; spines of cacti are modified ______

Back 36

stem, leaves

Front 37

Runners - (horizontal stem)

Back 37

can branch out

Front 38

Plant cells have certain organelles and structures that distinguish them from other eukaryotic cells:

Back 38

Chloroplast (a type of plastid), Central vacuole, cellulose cell wall, and plasmodesmata

Front 39

Plant Cell Walls form as the final step of cell division
Each daughter cell secretes three types of polysaccharides –

Back 39

cellulose, hemicellulose, and pectin – to form a primary cell wall

Front 40

Functions of cell wall:

Back 40

regulates volume and shape, protection

Front 41

Cell walls are made of -

Back 41

cellulose (strands of glucose molecules), hemicellulose (highly branched), and pectin, which together form a lattice that makes up the primary cell wall of the plant

Front 42

Secondary cell wall provides mechanical support and made up of…

Back 42

…lignin

Front 43

Lignin:

Back 43

complex polymer made up of 6-carbon rings; very strong

Front 44

Plant cells communicate via Plasmodesmata, which are

Back 44

junctions connecting cells that are filled with cytoplasm and connect with the ER

Front 45

Vascular plants have three tissue systems:

Back 45

Dermal, ground, and vascular

Front 46

Dermal tissue system -

Back 46

the outer covering of the plant; relatively thin

Front 47

Ground tissue system -

Back 47

carries out photosynthesis, stores photosynthetic products, and helps support the plant (very abundant in plant)

Front 48

Vascular tissue system -

Back 48

conducts water and solutes through the plant

Front 49

The three tissue systems are established in the ______ stage

Back 49

heart

Front 50

Meristems -

Back 50

clusters of undifferentiated cells that orchestrate development and allow the plant to form organs throughout its lifetime (analogous to stem cells in humans)

Front 51

Stem Dermal Tissue System:

Back 51

forms the outer covering (epidermis) of the plant.

Front 52

Some epidermal cells differentiate to form one of three specialized structures:

Back 52

stomata guard cells, trichomes (leaf hairs), and root hairs

Front 53

Aboveground ________ cells secrete a protective extracellular cuticle (waxy coating); prevents water loss from stems and leaves

Back 53

epidermal

Front 54

Ground Tissue System:

Back 54

Composed of parenchyma, collenchyma, and sclerenchyma cells

Front 55

Parenchyma cells:

Back 55

storage, cells of leaf, full of chloroplasts

Front 56

Collenchyma:

Back 56

found in non-woody stems and in auxillary nodes; support function

Front 57

Sclerenchyma cells

Back 57

are composed of fibers, which are elongated, an sclereids, which have various shapes; main support system for the cells of the plant; have secondary cell walls

Front 58

Vascular Tissue System: Constituted of…

Back 58

…xylem and phloem

Front 59

Xylem are _____ cells; transport water and dissolved minerals; one way street from root to top of plant

Back 59

dead

Front 60

Xylem called

Back 60

tracheary elements,

Front 61

The two types of vascular tissue: Tracheids and vessel elements

Back 61

Tracheids: found in gymnosperms and other vascular plants; spindle shaped and have holes
Vessel elements: found in angiosperms; evolutionarily newer than tracheids; more cylindrically shaped and stack one on top of the other; also have pits (holes)

Front 62

Phloem cells are -

Back 62

alive and transport the products of photosynthesis (solutes). Called sieve tube elements

Front 63

Eudocots –

Back 63

broad leaf

Front 64

Monocot –

Back 64

wide leaf

Front 65

All plant under go _____ growth

Back 65

primary

Front 66

Primary growth –

Back 66

roots and shoots grow longer and proliferation of new roots and new shoots. The non-woody, primary growth part is considered the “primary plant body”

Front 67

Many gymnosperms and eudicots undergo ______ growth. The increase in girth

Back 67

secondary

Front 68

Secondary plant body –

Back 68

wood and bark

Front 69

Meristem –

Back 69

where new cell are produced. The equivalent of animal stem cells

Front 70

Two types of meristems:

Back 70

apical and lateral

Front 71

Apical meristem –

Back 71

lengthening, primary growth. Shoots and roots.

Front 72

Lateral meristems –

Back 72

gives rise to secondary growth, increase girth of plants

Front 73

The root primary meristem has 3 parts:

Back 73

protoderm, ground meristem, and protoderm

Front 74

Two types of lateral meristem:

Back 74

vascular cambian and core cambian.

Front 75

Vascular cambian is secondary _____ tissue

Back 75

vascular

Front 76

Indeterminate growth –

Back 76

no end to the growth

Front 77

Root cap –

Back 77

is constantly being eroded away and replaced. Main function is replacement

Front 78

Zone of cell division –

Back 78

where new daughter cells are being produced in the root apical meristem. The daughter cells differentiate into the 3 primary meristems.

Front 79

Zone of maturation –

Back 79

where the cells are differentiated so that they have their specific functions and can function to absorb nutrients and water

Front 80

Dermal tissue system:

Back 80

produced by the protoderm. Is composed of by just the epidermis. Is the first to absorb

Front 81

Ground tissue system -

Back 81

endodermis and cortex.

Front 82

Root cortex is for:

Back 82

storage

Front 83

Endodermis –

Back 83

innermost sections of ground tissue system location of suberin. Is a waterproof substance that allows the plant to control water absorption

Front 84

Stele –

Back 84

xylem, phloem, and pericycle

Front 85

Pericycle

Back 85

– part of the vascular tissue system. The tissue that generates lateral roots. Also produced lateral meristems to increase the girth of the root. Has proteins to assist in transport to the xylem.

Front 86

Pith is in the middle of the monocot root. The ____ forms a circle around it.

Back 86

xylem

Front 87

In the eudicot stele, the xylem is located _______________

Back 87

in the middle

Front 88

Vascular cambium ->

Back 88

lateral growth

Front 89

Pith rays –

Back 89

where the pith goes between the vascular bundles

Front 90

ROOT: Eudicot…

Back 90

…Xylem bundles arranged in an ‘X’ shape with phloem around it

Front 91

ROOT: Monocot…

Back 91

…Xylem arranged around the pith with the phloem behind it

Front 92

STEM: Eudicot…

Back 92

…vascular bundle arranged in a cylinder with pith in the middle and cortex on the outside

Front 93

STEM: In monocots,

Back 93

the vascular bundles are scattered throughout the pith.

Front 94

Eudicot vascular bundle –

Back 94

a collection of 1) fibers, 2) phloem, 3) vascular cambium, and 4) xylem. Found in eudicot stems

Front 95

Monocot Vascular bundles –

Back 95

Fibers, sieve tube elements, companion cells ( 1+2 = phloem), xylem, and air space

Front 96

Leaves have __________growth

Back 96

determinate

Front 97

Leaves to not have _________ symmetry, distinguishing them from stems and roots

Back 97

radial

Front 98

Leaf Dermal Tissue system:

Back 98

Cuticle, upper epidermis, lower epidermis, guard cells, stoma, and cuticle

Front 99

Leaf Ground tissues –

Back 99

where photosynthesis occurs. Spongy mesophyll and palisade mosphyll

Front 100

Leaf Vascular Tissue System –

Back 100

bundle sheath cell, xylem, phloem

Front 101

Leaves: vascular tissue system: vein:

Back 101

bundle sheath cells, xylem, and phloem

Front 102

Spaces in the leaf allows for…

Back 102

…the CO2 to diffuse

Front 103

Bud scales protect

Back 103

the meristem

Front 104

Terminal bud –

Back 104

the only part of the plant that has only primary tissue

Front 105

In terminal buds, the vascular Cambrian

Back 105

doesn’t produce anything.

Front 106

In secondary growth, the vascular cabium produces...

Back 106

...secondary phloem towards the outside of the plant and secondary xylem forwards the inside

Front 107

Wood:

Back 107

secondary xylem and vascular cambian

Front 108

Bark:

Back 108

secondary phloem, cork cambium, and cork

Front 109

A complete flower consists of ___ groups of organs

Back 109

4

Front 110

The flower is a group of ____ leaves

Back 110

modified

Front 111

Carpals: ____ sex organ. Consists of stigma, style, and ovary

Back 111

female

Front 112

Stamen: _____ sex organ. Consists of anther and filament

Back 112

male

Front 113

Anther -

Back 113

produces, stores pollen

Front 114

Sepal –

Back 114

the green part of the flower

Front 115

Perfect flowers have both…

Back 115

…carpel and stamens. Male and female organs

Front 116

Imperfect flower - doesn't have organs from both sexes

Back 116

Imperfect monoecious - "same house" plants have both male and female flowers on the same plant

Front 117

Imperfect dioecious -

Back 117

"two houses" plants have male or female flowers on different individual plants

Front 118

Alternation of generations -

Back 118

when a plant is multicellular in both it's diplid and its haploid state

Front 119

Diploid form - sporophyte

Back 119

Haploid form – gametophyte
In a flower the male microsporocyte (2n) becomes 4 microspores (n)

Front 120

Spore -

Back 120

single celled and can be produced by mitosis or meiosis (but NOT cell fusion) capable of developing into an adult organism

Front 121

Pollen grain -

Back 121

only 2 cells! But still multicellular!

Front 122

Composition of a pollen grain:

Back 122

generative cell, tube cell, and a touch outer coat

Front 123

Advantages of pollen:

Back 123

Armored flying sperm, easily transported via wind and bug.

Front 124

Male gametophytes are found inside _____ _____

Back 124

pollen grains

Front 125

microsproangium -

Back 125

produces spores

Front 126

Male Microsporocyte –

Back 126

divides into 4 microspores (n)

Front 127

Pollen male gametophyte=

Back 127

Tube cell and generative cell

Front 128

Pollen tube -

Back 128

formed by the tube cell from the gametophyte

Front 129

Generative cell forms two ______ through mitosis

Back 129

sperm

Front 130

Female Megosporocyte -

Back 130

divides through meiosis into four megaspores. 3 of them die. The surviving megaspore divides through mitosis to form eight haploid nuclei

Front 131

Male gametophyte cell # -

Back 131

two cells

Front 132

Female gametophyte cell # -

Back 132

8 nuclei into 7 cells

Front 133

Flowers with different shapes, colors, and fragrence to attract different ________

Back 133

pollinators … (then windborn fig wasps)

Front 134

Angiosperms avoid self-fertilization via

Back 134

1) physical separation of gametophytes and 2) Via genetic self-incompability

Front 135

Angiosperm self-fertilization prevention:

Back 135

imperfect flowers

Front 136

S-genes code for proteins that block fertilization by

Back 136

"like" individuals

Front 137

Pollen is ______ if it expresses an S allele that matches one of the S alleles of the stigma and style

Back 137

rejected

Front 138

Advantages of self-reproduction:

Back 138

guarantees reproduction

Front 139

In gametophytic incompatibility inhibition occurs in the...

Back 139

pollen ingrain.

Front 140

Angiosperm fertilization:

Back 140

1) One synergid cells degenerates. 2)The sperm cells are released from the pollen tube. 3) One sperm cell fuses with the egg. 4) The other sperm fuses with the 2n polar molecule, making a triploid nucleus

Front 141

In monocots, the single cotyledon is

Back 141

pressed against the endosperm and used upon germination

Front 142

The zygot nucleus divides

Back 142

mitoticly. One daughter cell becomes suspensor and the other becomes the embryo proper which develops into the characteristic heart shape

Front 143

Suspensor –

Back 143

like the umbilical cord

Front 144

Fruit consists of -

Back 144

mature ovary and seeds

Front 145

fruits protect the ______ and help ______ them

Back 145

seeds...disperse

Front 146

Flowering begins when -

Back 146

apical meristems become influercence meristem

Front 147

Protein florigen stimulates

Back 147

transcription of the genes that initation flower formations

Front 148

Flowering begins when apical meristems become _______ ________

Back 148

inflorescence meristem

Front 149

Several ______ can initiate flowering

Back 149

stimulin

Front 150

Flowering occurs because of the length of

Back 150

NIGHT, not length of day.

Front 151

The LEAF is what stimulates the flowering.

Back 151

Cover up a leaf and the whole plant will flower

Front 152

Flowering can also be stimulated through:

Back 152

cold temperature, the hormone gibberellin, or an internal clock

Front 153

Roots uptake water, minerals and exchange

Back 153

O2 and CO2

Front 154

Xylem transports water and dissolved minerals in a

Back 154

unidirectional flow

Front 155

Stomata exchange gases with the air.

Back 155

CO2, O2, N2, ethylene, H2O vapor

Front 156

Phloem –

Back 156

tanslocates carbohydrates, other organic molecules, and some minerals. Is bi-directional

Front 157

The physical structure of many plants is maintained by positive ______ ________ of their cells

Back 157

pressure potential

Front 158

Water potential –

Back 158

the overall tendency of a solution to take up water from pure water across a membrane.

Front 159

Two things that affect water potential:

Back 159

Pressure potential and solute potential

Front 160

Solute potential –

Back 160

Always a negative value
Turgor pressure is the internal pressure of the cell that resists further water entry
Basically, the cell cant take up enough water to change its solute potential much

Front 161

Aquaporines –

Back 161

proteins that facilitate the moment of water across the membrane.

Front 162

Individual aquaporins cant control the rate of water flow, but the _________ of aquaporins is flexible

Back 162

number

Front 163

The uptake of minerals is an active process through transport proteins via proton pumps that create favorable

Back 163

electrochemical gradients. The plant makes the outside more positive so positive ions (like K+) diffuse into the cell.

Front 164

Negative ions couples with the over-concentrated

Back 164

H+ and they flow into the cell together

Front 165

Two ways water and minerals pass to the xylem from the roots

Back 165

Apoplastic and symplastic

Front 166

Apoplastic pathway-

Back 166

faster. Water and minerals moves only between cell walls

Front 167

Symplast pathway –

Back 167

Not as fast, but more selective than the apoplastic pathway Goes through cell plasma to cell plasma

Front 168

Casparian strip –

Back 168

in endodermis strip. Made of wax-like, hydrophobic cells suberin

Front 169

Suberin –

Back 169

the waxy substance that makes up the casparian strip

Front 170

Root hairs –

Back 170

permeable epidermis. Hydrophilic cell walls. Large surface area.

Front 171

Plasmodesmata –

Back 171

selective pores

Front 172

Cohesion –

Back 172

continuous hydrogen bonding

Front 173

Transpiration-cohesion-tension mechanism –

Back 173

as water evaporates from the stomata. No energy has to be spent

Front 174

Bulk flow in biological systems is the movement of a fluid from a flui of high pressure to

Back 174

a region of low pressure potential

Front 175

Positive pressure,

Back 175

the outward pushing force typically defined as pressure

Front 176

Negative force –

Back 176

an inward, imploding, or contracting force. Same as tension

Front 177

Secondary cell walls are reinforced through tough ________ molecules to keep xylem from collapsing

Back 177

ligin

Front 178

Inevitable side effect of openging the stomata:

Back 178

Water loss

Front 179

A stoma consists of…

Back 179

…two guard cells and a pore

Front 180

What brings water close to every cell in the leaf?

Back 180

Xylem venation (veins)

Front 181

When stomata open, water is pulled from the xylem into the cell walls of the _______ _______and evaporates

Back 181

mesophyll cells

Front 182

Stomata open when there is _____ and ______ at night in the dark

Back 182

light… close

Front 183

Stomata close at night because…

Back 183

…photosynthesis isn’t occurring, d on’t want to lose water

Front 184

If plant is losing too much water, the ______ will close, even during the day

Back 184

stomata

Front 185

If the levels of carbon dioxide is too ______ inside the leaf, then the stomata will open

Back 185

low

Front 186

Stomata are ______ structures

Back 186

ancient

Front 187

A stoma closes or opens depending on the ______ of the guard cells

Back 187

turgidity

Front 188

If the guard cells are ______, the stomata will close

Back 188

flaccid

Front 189

If guard cells are turgid, ______ expand and press against cell walls, opening pores

Back 189

vacuoles

Front 190

Stomata pores open because the cell walls are made of flexible…

Back 190

…cellulose microfibrils

Front 191

There are plasmodesmata between guard cells, but not between guard cells and other cells;

Back 191

transport only occurs between guard cells; helpful to control stomata

Front 192

The turgidity of the guard cells is controlled by many factors: ___ _____ activates a proton pump

Back 192

blue light

Front 193

In light, guard cells actively pump protons out, facilitating

Back 193

entry of ions

Front 194

Higher ion concentrations inside guard cells creates…

Back 194

…a more negative water potential, causing them to take up water, increasing pressure and stretching open stomata

Front 195

In _______ of light, ions diffuse passively out of the guard cells, and water follows by osmosis, causing the guard cells to shrink and close the stoma

Back 195

absence

Front 196

Sucrose levels also maintain _____ guard cells

Back 196

turgid

Front 197

When potassium levels drop, sucrose levels…

Back 197

…rise

Front 198

______ keeps stomata open when there aren’t potassium ions present and available for use in proton pumps

Back 198

sucrose

Front 199

As plants make sucrose during photosynthesis the sucrose is available in higher concentrations, it maintains stomata ______

Back 199

openings

Front 200

Low carbon dioxide levels trigger ______ ______

Back 200

proton pumps

Front 201

Plants can also control the number of stomata; they do so by…

Back 201

…shedding leaves or producing leaves w/ fewer stomata

Front 202

Plants can have up to _________ stomata per square inch

Back 202

250,000

Front 203

Some plants will have less stomata than others; fitness trade-off; depends upon…

Back 203

…environment

Front 204

translocation is…

Back 204

…the movement of sugars and other solutes in the phloem, from sources to sink

Front 205

In vascular plants, a source is a tissue where sugar enters the phloem; a sink is

Back 205

a tissue where sugar exits the phloem

Front 206

Material transported by phloem is frequently called phloem sap,…

Back 206

…..photosynthetate, or assimilates

Front 207

In a mature plant, sources are the leaves and sinks would be:

Back 207

the flowers, new leaves, and roots

Front 208

In a baby plant, sources would be

Back 208

the bulb or seed from which the plant is sprouting, and sinks would be: any new growth

Front 209

whether an organ is a source or a sink depends on…

Back 209

…direction of flow of sugar w/in the phloem

Front 210

Individual sieve tube elements join together to form long tubes that…

Back 210

…transport carbohydrates and other molecules

Front 211

At the end of the sieve tube elements are pores, which make up the:

Back 211

sieve plate

Front 212

Pores are large enough that molecules

Back 212

can move around w/in them

Front 213

Phloem is ALLIIIIIve!

Back 213

companion

Front 214

Why don’t xylem need companion cells?

Back 214

Passive transport

Front 215

Why do sieve tube elements need companion cells?

Back 215

They help transport large substances, active transport

Front 216

Bulk flow in phloem is between…

Back 216

…regions of differing positive (turgor) pressure potential

Front 217

Transpiration:

Back 217

pulls water up xylem vessels

Front 218

Source cells:

Back 218

load sucrose into phloem sieve tubes, reducing their water potential (active process) and making their solute potential more negative

Front 219

two general routes are followed to load solutes into phloem:

Back 219

symplastic and apoplastic

Front 220

symplastic –

Back 220

crossing plasmodesmata

Front 221

apoplastic –

Back 221

uses proton pump to cross plasma membrane

Front 222

Apoplastic loading is a process that requires _____to transport sucrose and other solutes from sources into the sieve tubes through the plasma membrane

Back 222

energy

Front 223

Protons then bond w/ a sucrose from outside the cell, and is diffused through a…

Back 223

…sucrose-proton cotransporter

Front 224

Unloading can be ______ or _______ transport

Back 224

passive or active

Front 225

In growing leaves, phloem unloads…

Back 225

…passively

Front 226

In growing roots, sucrose must be transported _____ly into the vacuole of the root cell

Back 226

active

Front 227

Big picture idea: phloem is capable of active transport whereas

Back 227

xylem is passive