Bio 206 Ch. 19

Front 1

Know how the flow of information from DNA to protein works

Back 1

DNA Encodes RNA, RNA Encodes Protein

Front 2

Describe the role of mRNA in translation

Back 2

mRNA carries message from the DNA to the site of protein synthesis

Front 3

Describe the four important sites of a ribosome

Back 3

Four binding sites are located on the ribosome, one for mRNA and three for tRNA.The three tRNA sites are labeled P, A, and E. The P site, called the peptidyl site, binds to the tRNA holding the growing polypeptide chain of amino acids. The A site (acceptor site), binds to the aminoacyl tRNA, which holds the new amino acid to be added to the polypeptide chain. The E site (exit site), serves as a threshold, the final transitory step before a tRNA now bereft of its amino acid is let go by the ribosome.

Front 4

How does the structure of tRNA molecules allow them to “translate” between the language of nucleotides and the language of amino acids.

Front 5

Describe codons

Back 5

A sequence of three adjacent nucleotides on a strand of a nucleic acid (such as DNA) that constitutes the genetic code for a specific amino acid

Front 6

Describe anticodons

Back 6

a unit made up of three nucleotides that correspond to the three bases of the codon on the mRNA

Front 7

Describe the Wobble hypothesis

Back 7

explains why multiple codons can code for a single amino acid
There could be unconventional bonding between the codon and anticodon on the last base.

Front 8

Define monocistronic.

Back 8

it contains the genetic information to translate only a single protein

Front 9

In what types of organisms would you find polycistronic mRNA?

Back 9

Bacteria

Front 10

Describe in detail the process of translation, including initiation, elongation and termination, include the role of initiation factors, elongation factors, and release factors.

Back 10

1. Initiation Factors and GTP bind to the ribosomal subunit

2. Initiator tRNA and mRNA bind to the ribosomal subunit

3. The ribosomal subunit becomes bound to the initiation complex

Front 11

Describe and be able to identify missense

Back 11

There is a change in the mRNA base sequence causing it to code for a different protein

Front 12

Describe the role of tRNA in translation

Back 12

read the message of nucleic acids, or nucleotides, and translate it into proteins, or amino acids

Front 13

Describe the role of ribosomes in translation

Back 13

decodes the mRNA sequence into a polypeptide, or a new protein

Front 14

Describe the role of ·aminoacyl-tRNA synthetase in translation

Back 14

An enzyme that attaches the appropriate amino acid onto its tRNA

Front 15

Describe polycistronic

Back 15

carries the information of several genes, which are translated into several proteins.

Front 16

Define nonsense mutation

Back 16

There is a change in the mRNA base sequence causing it to code for a stop protein

Front 17

Define silent mutation

Back 17

There is a change in the mRNA base sequence causing it to code for the same protein

Front 18

Define frameshift

Back 18

When there is an insertion of an additional amino acid causing a shift AND possible change in the proteins coded

Front 19

Define insertion/deletion

Back 19

When there is an insertion/deletion of an amino acid causing a change in the proteins they code for

Front 20

Define duplication

Back 20

a portion of a genetic material or a chromosome is duplicated or replicated, resulting in multiple copies

Front 21

Define inversion

Back 21

a segment of a chromosome is reversed end to end.

Front 22

Define translocation

Back 22

rearrangement of parts between nonhomologous chromosomes