Bio 204 Lecture 7

Front 1

the pancreas consist mainly of exocrine ? cells that secrete digestive enzymes. these enzymes pass into the ? through the system of ?

Back 1

acinar
duodenum
pancreatic ducts

Front 2

clusters of endocrine cells in pancreas

Back 2

Islets of Langerhans

Front 3

first organ to be exposed to high concentrations of the islet hormones

Back 3

liver

Front 4

four hormones secreted by Islets of Langerhans (one from each type)

Back 4

-glucagon
-insulin
-somatostatin
-pancreatic polypeptide (not as important)

Front 5

type of cells in pancreas that secrete glucagon

Back 5

alpha-cells

Front 6

type of cells that make up the core of the Islet of Langerhans & secrete insulin

Back 6

beta-cells

Front 7

cells in Islet of Langerhans that secrete somatostatin

Back 7

delta-cells

Front 8

most important hormone secreted during & after a meal; is anabolic (builds molecules)

Back 8

insulin

Front 9

insulin promotes the synthesis of ?, ?, and ?

Back 9

glycogen, fats, proteins

Front 10

insulin inhibits ? by the liver b/c it deprives the liver of amino acids

Back 10

gluconeogenesis

Front 11

important molecule that stimulates insulin secretion

Back 11

glucose

Front 12

how is insulin secreted (mechanism)?

Back 12

same way neurotransmitters are released at synapses (resting membrane potentials, depolarized by glucose, calcium ions into cell, insulin vesicles attach to membrane & release insulin)

Front 13

insulin operates in a ? system with glucose, by promoting its uptake, storage, and metabolism

Back 13

feedback

Front 14

hyperglycemia can increase ? in the extracellular fluid, leading to cell dehydration.

Back 14

osmotic pressure

Front 15

Hypoglycemia impairs the function of the ?, which needs glucose to operate.

Back 15

brain

Front 16

Low blood glucose leads to ?, which has symptoms of nervous irritability, fainting, convuslsions, and coma.

Back 16

hypoglycemic shock

Front 17

by stimulating protein synthesis, insulin promotes ?

Back 17

growth

Front 18

major tissues acted on by insulin

Back 18

liver, muscle, adipose

Front 19

t/f, insulin receptors can be "downregulated" (decreased) if the level of insulin is maintained in elevated concentrations.

Back 19

true.

Front 20

how does glucose pass into brain?

Back 20

by facilitated diffusion, by using glucose-transporter proteins (GLUT)

Front 21

insulin overdose causes ?

Back 21

hypoglycemic shock

Front 22

type of diabetes that is an autoimmune disease caused by destruction of beta-cells; too little insulin causes an increase in glucose production and a decrease in glucose use

Back 22

type I

Front 23

diabetes caused by insulin resistance & unresponsive beta-cells

Back 23

type II

Front 24

glucagon is called an anti-insulin hormone because ...

Back 24

it is secreted in response to glucose deficiency & acts to increase circulating glucose

Front 25

secretion of glucagon is inhibited by ?, ?, & ?

Back 25

high glucose, presence of insulin, free fatty acids

Front 26

principle functions of glucogon

Back 26

-stimulate glucose output
-maintain plasma glucose levels

Front 27

somatostatin inhibits ? and ? secretion, as well as ? functions

Back 27

insulin, glucagon, gastrointestinal

Front 28

hormones secreted by testes

Back 28

androgens, inhibin, and estrogens

Front 29

ovaries secrete?

Back 29

estrogens, progesterone, inhibin, androgens

Front 30

the pineal produces ? in the dark, which affects daily rhythms.

Back 30

melatonin

Front 31

hormones that fluctuate with sleep

Back 31

-cortisol
-growth hormone

Front 32

photoreceptor cells of pineal gland have evolved into ? cells in mammals. they secrete ?

Back 32

neuroendocrine cells; melatonin

Front 33

melatonin is secreted by the ? and ?

Back 33

pineal gland
retina

Front 34

Seasonal affective disorder & "winter blues" are caused by too much ? due to longer hours of darkness.

Back 34

melatonin

Front 35

major site of synthesis & secretion of somatomedin

Back 35

liver

Front 36

function of somatomedin

Back 36

stimulates growth of bone & cartilage; stimulates kidney to secrete sodium and water, reducing fluid volume

Front 37

stretching of the atrial walls stimulates secretion of ?

Back 37

atrial natriuretic peptide

Front 38

vitamon D is a ? hormone

Back 38

steroid

Front 39

major hormones produced by placenta

Back 39

-estrogens (E3)
-progesterone
-human chorionic gonadotropin

Front 40

two important hormones synthesized by liver

Back 40

-erythropoietin
-renin

Front 41

what does erythropoietin do?

Back 41

increases production of RBCs from precursor cells in red bone marrow

Front 42

5 hormones in GI tract

Back 42

-gastrin
-secretin
-cholecystokinin
-gastric inhibitory peptide
-somatostatin

Front 43

adipose tissue secretes ? which tells the hypothalamus the state of the body's fat reserves

Back 43

leptin

Front 44

signaling molecules secreted by many cells in the body; include interleukins, colony-stimulating factors, growth factors, interferons, and tumor necrosis factors

Back 44

cytokines

Front 45

t/f, cytokines are often autocrine.

Back 45

false!!!!!! they are paracrine.

Front 46

important signaling molecules that are eicosanoids

Back 46

prostaglandins & leukotrienes

Front 47

t/f, cytokines, eicosanoids, and retinoids are classified as "hormone-like" substances.

Back 47

true! (isn't it always? lol)