Bio 204 Lecture 6

Front 1

which 2 glands are under the control of the hypothalamus-pituitary complex?

Back 1

thyroid
adrenal cortex

Front 2

body's metabolic rate is regulated by ?

Back 2

thyroid hormones (thyroxine & triiodothyronine)

Front 3

most important regulator of blood calcium levels

Back 3

parathyroid hormone

Front 4

thyroid hormones consist of ?

Back 4

two tyrosine molecules & 3 or 4 atoms of iodine

Front 5

4 steps in synthesis of thyroid hormones

Back 5

-accumulation of iodine in thyroid
-addition of iodine to tyrosine in the protein thyroglobulin
-coupling tog. of pairs of iodinated tyrosines to produce "mature" thyroglobulin
-"mature" thyroglobulin stored as colloid in follicles

Front 6

describe release of thyroid hormones from mature thyroglobulin

Back 6

colloid is taken up into follicle cells; lysosomal enzymes digest mature thyroglobulin, releasing T3 & T4

Front 7

describe delivery of T3 & T4

Back 7

-active hormones diffuse in blood, bond to plasma protein carriers
-T3 & T4 dissociate from transporters & enter target cell
-T3 & T4 enter nucleus & bind to receptors that interact w/ transcriptional enhancers that increase the rate of DNA transcription

Front 8

t/f, levels of T3 & T4 control TSH production by negative feedback.

Back 8

true (when levels of T3 & T4 are high, production of TSH decreases)

Front 9

t/f, thyroid hormones cause an increase in the rate of transcription of DNA to mRNA, enhancing gene expression.

Back 9

true

Front 10

t/f, thyroid hormones have non-genomic actions.

Back 10

true

Front 11

t/f, thyroid hormones are essential for normal growth, development, & metabolic balance.

Back 11

true

Front 12

thyroid hormones increase ?

Back 12

metabolic rate
heat production
rate & force of cardiac contraction

Front 13

t/f, thyroid hormones promote release of growth hormone from the posterior pituitary.

Back 13

false!!! but thyroid hormones do promote release of GH from the ANTERIOR pituitary

Front 14

most common form of hyperthyroidism; an autoimmune condition- body produces antibodies against its own TSH receptors

Back 14

Graves' disease

Front 15

symptoms of hyperthyroidism

Back 15

-weight loss due to increase in metabolism
-wide-eyed stare
-rapid heart rate
-tremor
-loss of muscle mass

Front 16

treatment for hyperthyroidism (3 methods)

Back 16

-surgery
-use of Iodine 131, which concentrates in the thyroid
-drugs that block thyroid hormone synthesis

Front 17

two causes of hypothyroidism

Back 17

-atrophy of thyroid
-too little iodine in diet

Front 18

why does the thyroid continue to secrete TSH when there is too little iodine?

Back 18

because, without iodine, T3 & T4 cannot be formed to inhibit the secretion of TSH

Front 19

high levels of TSH lead to ?

Back 19

goiter (abnormal increase in size of thyroid)

Front 20

condition marked by growth retardation, slowing ossification & failure of CNS to develop; seen in children

Back 20

cretinism

Front 21

symptoms of hypothyroidism in adults

Back 21

-weight gain
-slow heart beat
-slowing of movement, speech, & thought

Front 22

secreted by C-cells of thyroid

Back 22

calcitonin

Front 23

how does calcitonin affect blood calcium?

Back 23

lowers it

Front 24

t/f, calcitonin is important in humans for regulating blood calcium levels.

Back 24

false - it's not very important

Front 25

calcitonin inhibits ? and increases ?

Back 25

osteoclasts
renal excretion of calcium

Front 26

overall effect of calcitonin?

Back 26

correct for hypercalcemia

Front 27

calcitonin is used therapeutically for treatment of ?

Back 27

osteoporosis

Front 28

secretion of parathyroids is controlled by?

Back 28

level of blood calcium

Front 29

7 functions of calcium

Back 29

-building bones & teeth
-contraction of muscle
-blood clotting
-hormone secretion
-neurotransmitter release
-intracellular signaling (IP3 pathway)
-regulates Na+ permeability of plasma membrane (?)

Front 30

parathyroid secretes hormone when blood calcium levels are high/low.

Back 30

low

Front 31

secretory cells in parathyroid

Back 31

chief cells

Front 32

t/f, the parathyroid is under the control of the hypothalamus.

Back 32

false!!!!! such nonsense...

Front 33

how does parathyroid hormone act on bone?

Back 33

increases # of osteoclasts - increase bone resorption, so more calcium & phosphate are "dumped" into the blood

Front 34

parathyroid hormone action on kidney?

Back 34

stimulates reabsorption of calcium from glomerular filtrate

just know that it prevents calcium loss via urine but increases phosphate loss

Front 35

how does parathyroid hormone affect absorption of calcium from the gut?

Back 35

makes the kidney turn vitamin D3 into calcitriol, which stimulates the absorption of calcium & phosphate from the gut

Front 36

symptoms of hypoparathyroidism & treatment

Back 36

-blood calcium level drops
-muscle cramps, twitches, convulsions, seizures
-treatment: vitamin D & calcium supplements

Front 37

hyperparathyroidism cause, effect, and treatment

Back 37

-cause: benign tumor
-effect: increase in blood calcium due to increased bone resorption
-treatment: microsurgery

Front 38

which part of the adrenal glands secretes catecholamines, and which secretes steroids?

Back 38

catecholamines - adrenal medulla
steroids - adrenal cortex

Front 39

adrenal medullae are really modified ?

Back 39

sympathetic ganglia

Front 40

3 layers of adrenal cortex, from outside to inside

Back 40

-glomerulosa
-fasciculata
-reticularis

Front 41

3 major types of steroid hormones secreted by adrenal cortex

Back 41

-mineralcorticoids
-glucocorticoids
-sex hormone precursors

Front 42

name the main hormone in each category and where it is synthesized: mineralcorticoids, glucocorticoids, sex hormone precursors

Back 42

mineralcorticoids- aldosterone; zona glomerulosa
glucocorticoids- cortisol; zona fasciculata
sex hormone precursors- androgens; zona reticularis

Front 43

primary controller of aldosterone secretion

Back 43

angiotensin II

Front 44

cortisol helps build up liver ? stores by facilitating conversion of amino acids into glucose. this is called?

Back 44

glycogen
gluconeogenesis

Front 45

t/f, cortisol increases the supply of amino acids for gluconeogenesis by enhancing protein breakdown.

Back 45

true

Front 46

t/f, cortisol increases fatty acid supply to spare use of glucose.

Back 46

true

Front 47

why do you need cortisol to survive during starvation?

Back 47

w/o cortisol, liver glycogen is depleted, and there would be no gluconeogenesis to compensate- death from hypoglycemia

Front 48

t/f, cortisol inhibits synthesis of collagen, keeps blood vessels responsive to vasoconstrictors (helping to maintain blood pressure), affects the CNS, and inhibits insulin.

Back 48

true, all very true!

Front 49

production of sex hormones is under the control of ?

Back 49

ACTH

Front 50

disorders of adrenal cortex

Back 50

Cushing's syndrome & Addison's disease

Front 51

over-secretion of glucocorticoids, resulting in obesity, hypertension, backache, elevated blood sugar, easy bruising, difficulties w/ memory...

Back 51

Cushing's syndrome

Front 52

under-secretion of glucocorticoids & mineralcorticoids, resulting in fatigue, weakness, weight loss, hypotension, hyperpigmentation, depression

Back 52

Addison's disease

Front 53

lack of aldosterone, as in Addison's disease, causes a lack of ?

Back 53

salt

Front 54

Addison's progresses slowly, except in the event of an ?, which may cause sudden pain in the lower back, abdomen, or legs, vomiting, low blood pressure, etc.

Back 54

Addisonian crisis AKA acute adrenal insufficiency

Front 55

Why do people w/ Addison's secrete large amounts of ACTH?

Back 55

b/c neg. feedback inhibition of ACTH secretion by adrenocortical hormones has been lost.

Front 56

large amounts of ? increase skin pigmentation because it is similar to melanocyte-stimulating hormone.

Back 56

ACTH

Front 57

neurosecretory cells in adrenal medulla are called?

Back 57

chromaffin cells

Front 58

when stimulated, chromaffin cells secrete ? and ?

Back 58

norepinephrine & epinephrine

Front 59

the adrenal medulla is controlled by the sympathetic/parasympathetic nervous system.

Back 59

sympathetic

Front 60

nerve impulses from the ? make chromaffin cells release catecholamines

Back 60

cholinergic sympathetic preganglionic fibers (via the splanchic nerve)

Front 61

receptors for NE and E

Back 61

alpha-adrenergic & beta-adrenergic

Front 62

alpha-adrenergic receptors found ?

Back 62

walls of blood vessels

Front 63

beta-adrenergic receptors found ?

Back 63

in the heart (mediate increase in force & rate of contraction)

Front 64

2 ways hypothalamus deals w/ stress

Back 64

-sympathetic NS
-CRH-ACTH-cortisol axis

Front 65

t/f, stress response increases breakdown of liver glycogen (increasing blood glucose) & of fat (increasing blood fatty acid concentration).

Back 65

true

Front 66

stress response effects

Back 66

typical sympathetic effects

Front 67

t/f, cortisol is highest in the mornings, helping us deal w/ the increased challenges of the day.

Back 67

true!

Front 68

t/f, cortisol suppresses inflammatory responses & the immune system

Back 68

true- reason body is more susceptible to disease when under prolonged stress