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61 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
upper respiratory tract includes ?
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Nose (including nasal sinuses)
Pharynx |
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lower respiratory system includes ?
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larynx
trachea bronchi lungs (including pulmonary circulation) |
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mucous membrane consists of ?
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olfactory epithelium
pseudostratified ciliated columnar epithelium w/ goblet cells |
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name each of the 3 sections of the pharynx and what lines it if applicable
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nasopharynx
oropharynx - stratified squamous epithelium laryngopharynx - stratified squamous epithelium |
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3 single pieces of cartilage in larynx
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thyroid
eppiglottis cricoid |
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3 paired pieces of cartilage in larynx
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arytenoid
cuneiform corniculate |
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divides into left and right bronchi
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trachea
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bronchial secretions contain __________ to help resist infectinos.
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antibodies
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list divisions of bronchial tree (start with trachea)
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trachea
primary bronchi secondary bronchi tertiary bronchi bronchioles terminal bronchioles respiratory bronchioles alveolar ducts/sacs alveoli |
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surface in the lungs through which O2 and CO2 diffuse
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respiratory membrane
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4 structural changes in walls of lower respiratory tract
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-decrease in cartilage
-layer of smooth muscle & elastic connective tissue is acquired -epithelium changes from pseudostratified ciliated columnar to nonciliated simple cuboidal in the terminal bronchioles -apical surface of alveolar epithelium is covered w/ pulmonary surfactant |
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where does the cartilage in the respiratory tract stop?
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bronchioles
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smooth muscle in the respiratory tract is innervated by ?
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parasympathetic nerves originating in the vagus (X) nerve; there is NO sympathetic innervation
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? activity by the parasympathetic system causes bronchi to constrict & secrete mucus; ? causes dilation
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cholinergic
circulating epinephrine histamine also causes constriction |
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ciliated epithelium sweep inhaled particles out of the respiratory tract into the pharynx
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muco-ciliary escalator
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phagocytic cells derived from monocytes that ingest bacteria and dust particles in the respiratory tract
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pulmonary alveolar macrophages (PAMs = dust cells)
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release lysosomal enzymes after ingesting lots of silica, asbestos, or smoke
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PAMs
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secrete pulmonary surfactant
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Type II alveolar epithelial cells
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membrane attached to surface of lung v. membrane attached to wall of thoracic cavity
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visceral, parietal
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air in pleural space; can lead to collapsed lung
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pneumothorax
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the lungs own blood supply is supplied by the ?
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bronchial arteries
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4 components of respiratory membrane
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-thin film of alveolar fluid w/ pulmonary surfactant
-alveolar epithelium -thin interstitial space bet. alveolar epithelium & pulmonary capillary -vascular endothelial cells of the capillary wall |
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to reach a RBC, O2 does NOT need to diffuse through the plasma after passing through the capillary wall. why not?
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RBCs have a diamater of 6 microns; the pulmonary capillaries have a diameter of 5 microns; therefore, the RBCs "squeeze" through the capillaries
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partial pressure of a gas in a mixture = ?
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fraction of gas in mixture * total pressure of mixture
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air @ sea level is mostly ?
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nitrogen
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expired air is a mixture of ?
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dead space air and alveolar air
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expired air has more/less O2 and more/less CO2 than alveolar air.
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more; less
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expired air has more/less O2 and more/less CO2 than atmospheric air.
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less; more
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ventilation = ?
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frequency * depth of breathing
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pulmonary blood flow = ?
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Q; equal to cardiac output
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failure to match ventilation & blood flow is called ?
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ventilation/perfusion mismatch
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scan in which patient breathes krypton & is then injected with radioactive microspheres, which are trapped in capillaries in proportion to local blood flow
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V/Q scan
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causes of ventilation-perfusion mismatch
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-hypoventilation
-airway blockage and alveolar collapse (atelectasis) -adequate ventilation but inadequate blood flow (e.g. clotting) |
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pulmonary arteries branch off the ?, supply deoxygenated blood from the ? ventricle to the pulmonary arterioles & capillaries, which drain into the pulmonary ?, which finally drain into the ? atrium
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pulmonary trunk; right ventricle; veins/venules; left
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the lungs contain ?% of the total blood in the circulatory system
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9
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pulmonary vessels have high/low resistance and high/low pressure
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low; low
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flow through pulmonary circulation = ? = flow through ?
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cardiac output; aorta
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causes of pulmonary edema
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-increase in hydrostatic pressure in pulmonary capillaries due to left heart failure or mitral valve stenosis
-increase in capillary permeability due to endotoxins from bacteria or irritant gases |
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the vascular endothelium of the pulmonary capillaries contain?
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ACE!
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what does ACE do?
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converts angiotensin I to angiotensin II (a vasoconstrictor)
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volume of air moved in/out during quiet respiration
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tidal volume
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volume of air one can breathe out after a max. inspiration
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vital capacity
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max. volume that can be inhaled after a Normal expiration
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inspiratory capacity
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max. volume that can be inhaled after you have completed a normal inspiration
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inspiratory reserve volume
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max. volume that can be exhaled after you have completed a normal expiration
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expiratory reserve volume
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two volumes that CANNOT be determined by spirometry
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residual volume; functional residual capacity
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volume of gas that still remains in the lung after you have breathed out as much as you possibly can
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residual volume
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volume of gas in the lung after a normal expiration (includes residual volume)
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functional residual capacity
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volume of respiratory system minus volume of alveoli
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anatomic dead space
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volume of air in respiratory system that does not equilibrate with the blood (i.e. anatomical dead space + dead space due to blockage)
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total (physiological dead space)
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lungs return passively to their expired positions b/c of their elasticity
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elastic recoil
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opposite of elastic recoil
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compliance
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elasticity of lungs is due to ?
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-elasticity of lung tissue
-surface tension forces generated at alveolar-air interface |
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surface tension forces are more/less important than tissue elasticity in determining lung elasticity
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MORE!!!
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composition of pulmonary surfactant
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90% lipids, 10% proteins, small amounts of carbohydrates
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lipids in pulmonary surfactant
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DPPC
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proteins in pulmonary surfactant
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SP-A, SP-B, SP-C, SP-D
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2 functions of pulmonary surfactant
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-reduce surface tension of the alveolar-air interface, making it easier to inflate lungs
-stabilize alveoli during deflation, preventing collapse |
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adult respiratory distress syndrome is caused by ?
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abnormality of pulmonary surfactant; increase surface tension at alveolar-air interface
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infant respiratory distress syndrome is caused by ?
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lack of pulmonary surfactant (no cortisol to produce it)
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treatment of RDS
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surfactant replacement therapy w/ Exosurf, Surfaxin, Infasurf, Survanta --> contain DPPC
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