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16 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Exchange Systems |
Any system that allows for the exchange of vital substances between the internal organism and its external environment. (respiratory, digestive, urinary, circulatory systems, etc.) |
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Order of Organization in Organisms (4 Levels) |
Cells --> Tissues --> Organs --> Systems |
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All life is... |
aquatic, compartmentalized, dealswith same fundamental problems, is constrained by laws of physics &chemistry, and can tolerate only a limited range of conditions. |
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Intracellular fluid |
fluid inside of the cell |
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Extracellular fluid |
fluid outside of cells, usually in the circulatory system (ECF). fluid outside of cells but not in the circulatory system is known as interstitial fluid. fluid in blood in known as plasma. |
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Levels of Na, K, & Ca in cells |
Na: Low K: High Ca: Very Low |
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Aerobic Cellular Respiration |
glucose + O2 --> CO2 + H2O + 38 ATP (slower but more efficient) |
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Anaerobic Cellular Respiration |
glucose --> Lactic Acid + 2 ATP (oxygen is NOT present. faster but less efficient) |
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Metabolic Rate (MR) |
amount of energy an animal uses in a unit of time measured by the amount of O2 consumed in calories or kilocalories = sum of all energy-requiring biochemical reactions |
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CQ: True or False: Relative to body size, a large animal has greater surface area for exchange with the external environment than a small animal. |
False. Alarge animal has a smaller surface area compared to its body size than asmaller animal |
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CQ: True or False: As an animal gets larger, its surface area grows more rapidly than its volume. |
False. The surface area grows more slowly than the volume when the animal gets larger |
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Size Principle |
Large animals have a low heat exchange ratio and good heat retention. Small animals have a high heat exchange ratio and poor heat retention |
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Homeostasis |
Theprocess of maintaining proper conditions within tolerable ranges using cell-to-cell communication and negative feedback. |
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Feedback Systems (3) |
Sensor System: measuressome aspect of the internal environment Integrator System: comparesthe sensor measurement to a reference value, or set point. Effector System: theoutput of the system that changes the internal environment. |
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Negative Feedback |
the effector counteracts the initial sensor stimulus. (homeostasis!) |
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Positive Feedback |
the effector increases the initial sensor stimulus causing a rapid change. (child birth, blood clots, etc.) |
