Reading...
Play button
Play button
Use LEFT and RIGHT arrow keys to navigate between flashcards;
Use UP and DOWN arrow keys to flip the card;
H to show hint;
A reads text to speech;
62 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
|
science
|
is an endeavor to discover how nature works and to use that knowledge to make predictions about what is likely to happen in nature.
|
|
|
data
|
information needed to answer their questions
|
|
|
experiments
|
procedures carried out under controlled conditions to gather information and test ideas.
|
|
|
scientific hypothesis
|
a possible and testable explanation of what they observe in nature or in the results of their experiments.
|
|
|
model
|
an approximate representation or simulation of a system being studied
|
|
|
scientific theory
|
a well-tested and widely accepted scientific hypothesis or a group of related hypothesis
|
|
|
peer review
|
happens when scientists report details of the methods and models they used, the results of their experiments, and the reasoning behind their hypotheses for other scientists working in the same field (their peers) to examine and criticize.
|
|
|
inductive reasoning
|
involves using specific observations and measurements to arrive at a general conclusion or hypothesis. It is a form of bottom-up reasoning that goes from specific to general
|
|
|
deductive reasoning
|
involves using logic to arrive at a specific conclusion based on a generalization or premise. It is a form of top-down reasoning that goes from general to specific
|
|
|
scientific law, or law of nature
|
a well-tested and widely accepted description of what we find happening over and over again in the same way in nature. Ex: law of gravity
|
|
|
paradigm shift
|
occasionally, a new discovery or a new idea can overthrow a well-accepted scientific theory or law
|
|
|
tentative science, or frontier science
|
Preliminary results that capture the news headlines are controversial because they have not been widely tested and accepted by peer review and are not yet considered reliable.
|
|
|
reliable science
|
consists of data, hypothesis, theories, and laws that are widely accepted by scientists who are considered experts in the field under study.
|
|
|
unreliable science
|
scientific hypotheses and results that are presented as reliable without having undergone the rigors of peer review, or that have been discarded as a result of peer review
|
|
|
matter
|
anything that has mass and takes up space
|
|
|
elements
|
a fundamental substance that has a unique set of properties and cannot be broken down into simpler substance by chemical means
|
|
|
compounds
|
combination of two or more different elements held together in fixed proportions
|
|
|
atom
|
the smallest unit of matter into which an element can be divided and still remain its chemical properties
|
|
|
protons
|
positively charged
|
|
|
neutrons
|
no electrical charge
|
|
|
nucleus
|
one or more protons and in most cases one or more neutrons and one or more electrons moving rapidly somewhere around the nucleus
|
|
|
atomic number
|
equal to the number of protons in the nucleus of its atom
|
|
|
mass number
|
the total number of neutrons and protons in its nucleus
|
|
|
isotopes
|
forms of an element having the same atomic number but different mass numbers
|
|
|
acidity
|
a chemical characteristic that helps determine how a substance dissolved in water will interact with and affect its environment
|
|
|
PH
|
measure of acidity, based on the amount of hydrogen ions (H+) and hydroxide ions (OH-) contained in a particular volume of solution
|
|
|
molecule
|
a combination of two or more atoms of the same of different elements held together by forces, chemical bonds
|
|
|
chemical formula
|
shorthand that contains the symbol for each element present and uses subscripts to represent the number of atoms or ions of each element in the compounds basic structural unit
|
|
|
organic compounds
|
contain at least two carbon atoms combined with atoms of one or more other elements
|
|
|
inorganic compounds
|
all other compounds
|
|
|
cells
|
the fundamental structural units of life
|
|
|
genes
|
within some DNA molecules are certain sequences of nucleodes called genes
|
|
|
chromosome
|
thousands of genes in turn make up a single chromosome, a special DNA molecule together with a number of proteins.
|
|
|
matter quality
|
a measure of how useful a form of matter is to humans as a resource, based on its availability and concentration or amount of it that is contained in a given area or volume.
|
|
|
high-quality matter
|
highly concentrated, is typically found near the earth's surface, and has great potential for use as a resource
|
|
|
physical change
|
when a sample of matter undergoes a physical change it chemical composition, or the arrangement of its atoms or ions within molecule does not change.
|
|
|
chemical change, or chemical reaction
|
there is a change in the arrangement of atoms or ions within molecule of the substances involved.
|
|
|
nuclear changes
|
or changes in the nuclei of its atom
|
|
|
natural radioactive decay
|
isotopes spontaneously emit fast-moving subatomic particles, high-energy radiation such as a gamma rays, or both.
|
|
|
radioactive isotopes, or radioisotopes
|
unstable isotopes
|
|
|
nuclear fission
|
a nuclear change in which the nuclei of certain isotopes whit large mass numbers are split apart into lighter nuclei when struck by neutrons; each fission releases two or three neutrons plus energy.
|
|
|
chain reaction
|
multiple fissions within a certain amount of mass produce that releases an enormous amount of energy
|
|
|
energy
|
the capacity to do work or transfer heat
|
|
|
kinetic energy
|
moving matter, it has mass and velocity
|
|
|
law of conservation of matter
|
when a physical or chemical change occurs, no atoms are created or destroyed
|
|
|
heat
|
the total kinetic energy of all moving atoms, ions, or molecules within a given substance
|
|
|
electromagnetic radiation
|
another form of kinetic energy, energy
|
|
|
potential energy
|
which is stored and potentially available for use. Ex: a rock held in you hand, unlit match, chemical energy stored in a can of gas
|
|
|
energy quality
|
a measure of an energy source's capacity to do useful work.
|
|
|
high-quality energy
|
concentrated and has a high capacity to do useful work
|
|
|
low-quality energy
|
is dispersed and has little capacity to do useful work
|
|
|
law of conservation of energy, first law of thermodynamics
|
energy is converted from one form to another in a physical or chemical change, no energy is created or destroyed
|
|
|
second law of thermodynamics
|
when energy changes from one form to another, we always end up with lower-quality or less usable energy than we stared with.
|
|
|
energy efficiency, or energy productivity
|
measure of how much useful work is accomplished by a particular input of energy into a system
|
|
|
system
|
set of components that function and interact in some regular way
|
|
|
most systems have the following key components
|
inputs, flows, or throughput of mater and energy within the system at certain rates, and outputs to the environment
|
|
|
feedback
|
any process that increases (positive feedback) or decreases (negative feedback) a change to a system
|
|
|
feedback loop
|
occurs when an output of matter, energy
|
|
|
positive feedback loop
|
causes a system to change further in the same direction
|
|
|
negative, or corrective, feedback
|
causes a system to change in the opposite direction from which is it moving. Ex: a thermostat
|
|
|
tipping point
|
time delays can also allow an environmental problem to build slowly until it reaches a threshold level
|
|
|
synergistic interaction, or synergy
|
occurs when two or more processes interact so that the combined effect is greater than the sum of their separate effects
|
