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91 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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What are the two major divisions of the heart?
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The pulmonary circuit and the systemic circuit.
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Where does blood flow to from the pulmonary circuit, and what side of the heart is it?
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The lungs, Right side
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Where does blood flow to from the systemic circuit, and what side of the heart is it?
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The body, left side
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Where specifically is the heart located?
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The mediastinum
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What is the base of the heart?
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The broad superior portion
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How big and how much does the heart weigh?
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The size of a fist, weighing about 10 oz
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What is the pericardium?
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Double walled membranous sac around the heart.
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What are the two layers of the heart?
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Parietal pericardium and visceral pericardium.
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What is the parietal pericardium?
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The outer, tough layer of connective tissue around the heart
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What is the visceral pericardium?
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The inner, smooth, moist layer of connective tissue that covers the heart surface.
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What is the space between the parietal and visceral pericardiums called?
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Pericardial cavity
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What is the pericardial fluid filled with?
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Pericardial fluid
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What is an inflammation of the pericardium?
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Pericarditis
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What is abnormal accumulation of fluid in the paricardial cavity?
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Cardiac tamponade.
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What are the three layers of the heart wall?
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Epicardium, myocardium, endocardium.
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What is another name for the epicardium?
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Visceral pericardium.
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What is the epicardium?
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Outer membrane that covers the heart with fat deposits for protection.
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What is the myocardium?
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The thick muscular layer, provides support, is a network of collagenous and elastic fibers.
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What is the endocardium?
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Smooth inner lining, is in direct contact with blood.
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What are the two types of heart chambers?
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Atria and ventricles.
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Which heart chambers are superior and receive the blood returning to the heart?
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The atria
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Which heart chambers are inferior and pump blood into arteries?
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Ventricles
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What heart chamber has the thickest myocardium?
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The left ventricle.
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What are sulci and what do they do?
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Grooves on the outside of the heart that mark the boundaries of heart chambers.
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What are the sulci that encircle the entire heart and mark the boundaries separating atria from ventricles?
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Atrioventricular or coronary sulcus.
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What sulci separate right and left ventricles?
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Anterior and superior interventricular sulci.
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What is the wall that separates the atria?
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Interatrial septum.
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What is the wall that separates the ventricles?
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Interventricular septum.
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What are trabeculae carneae?
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Internal ridges in ventricles.
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What are the pectinate muscles?
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Internal ridges of mycardium in right atrium and both auricles.
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What connect AV valves to papullary muscles on the floor of ventricles?
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Chordae tendineae.
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What is the path of blood through the heart?
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Superior/Inferior vena cava->Right atrium->Right atrioventricular (tricuspid) valve->Right ventricle->Pulmonary semilunar valve->Pulmonary Trunk->Lungs->Pulmonary Veins->Left Atrium->Left atrioventricular (bicuspid) valve->Left Ventricle->Aortic semilunar valve->Aorta
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What percentage of the body's blood does the heart use at one time?
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5%
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What happens to the ventricles when body tissues receive blood?
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They contract
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What happens to the ventricles when the heart muscles receive blood?
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They relax
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What are the two branches of the left coronary artery?
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Anterior interventricular branch and circumflex branch
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What are the two branches of the right coronary artery?
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Right marginal branch and posterior interventricular branch
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What is venous drainage?
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The route by which blood leaves an organ
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What is another name for a myocardial infarction?
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A heart attack
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What is a myocardial infarction?
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The sudden death of heart tissue
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What are the two most common causes of a myocardial infarction?
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Fat deposits or blood clots
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What is angina pectoris?
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Heart pain due to temporary and reversible myocardial ischemia.
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How does coronary athersclerosis happen?
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Fatty deposits form in the coronary artery
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What are three ways to fix coronary athersclerosis?
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By-pass surgery, balloon angioplasty, laser angioplasty.
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What is the structure of cardiac muscle like?
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Involuntary, striated, have intercalated discs.
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What are intercalated discs?
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Junctions that join myocytes end to end.
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What are three names for cardiac muscle?
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Myocytes, cardiomyocytes, or cardiocytes.
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What are mechanical junctions?
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Tight junctions between myocytes.
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What are electrical (gap) junctions?
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Formed channels between individual myocytes.
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What kind of metabolism does cardiac muscle undergo?
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Aerobic respiration.
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How is the heart myogenic?
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The heartbeat originates within the heart, not the brain.
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How is the heart autorythmic?
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It depolarizes spontaneously and regularly.
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What is the SA node?
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The pacemaker, initiates the heartbeat, and sets heart rate.
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What is the AV node?
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The electrical gateway to the ventricles, can take over as pacemaker if SA node fails.
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What is the AV bundle (Bundle of His)?
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Pathway for signals from AV node.
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What are the right and left bundle branches?
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Divisions of the AV bundle.
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What are purkinje fibers?
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They go upwards from the apex and spread throughout ventricular myocardium.
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What is a systole?
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A contraction of the heart
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What is a diastole?
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Relaxation of the heart
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What is the sinus rhythm?
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The normal rhythm set by the SA node.
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What is the eptopic foci?
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A region other than the SA node that sets the rhythm.
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What is armythmia?
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Abnormal cardiac rhythm.
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What is ventricular fibrillation (vfib)?
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Uncoordinated contraction on the heart.
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What is a defibrillation?
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A strong electrical shock to restore a normal heartbeat.
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What are the three stages of the myocardium contraction?
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Depolarization, Plateau, and Repolarization.
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What happens during the P wave?
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The SA node fires, atria depolarize.
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What happens during the P-Q waves?
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Atrial systole (atria contract)
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What happens during the QRS complex?
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Atrial repolarization and diastole, AV node fires and ventricular depolarization.
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What happens during the S-T segments?
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Ventricular systole.
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What happens at the T wave?
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Ventricular repolarization.
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What is auscultation?
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Listening to the sounds made by the body.
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What is the first heart sound and when does it occur?
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'Lubb' occurs with the closure of the AV valves.
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What is the second heart sound and when does it occur?
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'Dupp' occurs with the closure of the semilunar valves.
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What is a heart murmur?
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The sound of blood flowing backwards due to valvular insufficiency.
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What are the phases of the cardiac cycle?
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Quiescent period, atrial systole, Isovolumetric relaxation of ventricles, ventricular ejection, isovolumetric relaxation of ventricles.
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What happens during the quiescent period?
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All chambers relaxed, AV valves are open, blood flowing into ventricles.
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What happens during atrial systole?
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SA node fires, atria depolarize, Atria contract.
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What happens during the isovolumetric relaxation of ventricles?
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Ventricles relax and repolarize, semilunar valves close, ventricles expand but do not fill.
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What happens during ventricular ejection?
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Rising pressure opens semilunar valves, rapid ejection of blood, Stroke volume amount ejected.
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What is cardiac output?
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The amount ejected by each ventricle in one minute
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How is cardiac output calculated?
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CO=HRxSV
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What is the cardiac reserve?
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The difference between CO maximum (during exercise) and resting CO.
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What is the average heart rate for average young adult male and female?
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Male= 64-72 bpm
Female= 72-80 bpm |
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What is tachycardia?
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A persistent resting adult HR >100
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What is bradycardia?
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A persistent resting adult HR <60.
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What is a chronotropic agent?
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Something that raises or lowers heart rate. Can be either positive or negative.
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What are some chronotropic chemicals?
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Neurotransmitters, drugs, hormones, electrolytes.
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What is stroke volume governed by?
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Preload, contractility, and afterload
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What is preload?
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The amount of tension in ventricular myocardium before it contracts.
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What is contractility?
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The contraction force for a given preload
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What is afterload?
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Pressure in arteries above semilunar valves opposes opening of valves.
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