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78 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Technical definition of an animal
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multicellular, heterotrophic eukaryote that digest food items
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How are animals different than plants and fungi?
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We ingest food items internally
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Characterize choanoflagellates
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10 um, aquatic, single flagellm, live as free-living or attatched to substrate
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Why are they considered closely related to animals?
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Cell is strikingly similar to collar cells of sponges, they often live in colonies with some cellular specialization and division of labor, and DNA evidence
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What are 4 primary synapomorphies for Metazoa (animals)?
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1. specialized extracellular matrix
2.Unique cell juntions 3.DNA evidence 4.Posession of Hox genes |
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What are the functions of extracellular matrix?
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hold cells together in tissue, add structural support, act as a filter, cell communication
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Tight junction?
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imprmeable seal
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desmosome?
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maintain cell separation and cohesiveness.
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Gap junctions?
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Allows passage of ions
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Phylum?
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Taxonomic grouping of body plan
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How many metazoan body plans exists?
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35
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What is a body plan?
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Description of the entire body organization system (symmetry, tissue complexity, segmentation, appendages etc
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Exceptions to the normally marine metozoan habitat?
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Vertebrates and arthropods
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How many vertebrates vs. invertebrates has been described?
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50 000 vs. 1.3 million
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Age of earth?
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4.6 billion yo
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First fossil record?
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3.5 billion yo
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first metozoan fossil record?
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575 million ya
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Cambrian Explosion?
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Great diversity in the fossil record 525 mya, half of all metozoan phyla fossils showed up.
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Basic cellular requirements?
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In: sugars, amino acids, oxygen
out: Carbon dioxide, nitrogenous wast Maintain: Water and Na balance |
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Internalization?
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Cells exist in an environment that is different than the external.
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How do triptoblasts get materials to and from all cells?
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all cells linked to a transport system
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4 major organ systems in triptoblasts + funcitons
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Digestive(food,water,salt), Circulatory(material transport), Excretory(Nwaste, salt/water balance), respiratory (o2 in,co2 out)
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How do excretory systems control the solute concentrations (osmolarity) of extracellular fluids?
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1. filter body fluids
2. Active secretion and resorption of specific ions. |
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Osmoconformer vs. osmoregulator? ex?
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Osmoconformer lives in ocean with intra extra cellular fluids same. Freshwater animals must work to expell water and while conserving salt.
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2 Primary divergent features of Porifera?
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1.cellular grade of organization
2.Totipotent cells |
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Totipotent?
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Cells that can differentiate
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Porifera characteristics?
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-all aquatic
-lack body symmetry -sessile filter feeders |
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How are sponge bodies supported?
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Skeleton of spicules and collagen
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4 sponge cell types+funciton?
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1. pinarocytes-surface
2. amebocytes-food transport, structural support, reproduction 3. porocyte-surround ostial opening 4.choanocytes-produce current and traps food particles |
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Porifera defense?
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spicules, toxic compounds, little nutrition
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kleptocnidae?
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mollusc that consume cnidocytes and use them in their own defence
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Polyp vs. medusa?
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Polyp: oral side up, sessile,asexual, intertidal or benthic, large colonies from asexual budding.
Medusa: oral side down, free-floating, pelagic, sexual reproduction. |
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4 major groups of cnidarians?
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Hydrozoans
Scyphozoans Cubozoans Anthozoans |
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polymorphic?
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organism having more than one adult form.
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coral reefs, where?
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"rain forest of the sea" marine biodiversity hotspot.' colonial anthozoans with calcium carbonate base. found in shallow tropical seas.
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reefs in trouble, wheiyy?
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pollution, mining, blastfishing, increasing solar irradiance, warmer waters.
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Diploblastic condition?
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2 cell layers= gastrodermis (from endoderm) and epidermis (from ectoderm)
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3 main synapomorphies for triploblsts?
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1. bilateral
2. 3 embryonic germ layers 3. Body cavities |
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bilateral symmetry?
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2 body axes
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Triploblastic condition?
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3 cell layers:
ecto=outer body covering+cns endo=gut lining+ass. organs meso=true muscle tissue |
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3 triploblast body cavities?
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acoelomate (region between endo, and ectoderm is mesoderm (lacking of cavitiy)
pseudocoelomate (have body cavity btwn endo/meso) coelomate (true cavity lined by meso) |
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function of coelom?
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space and holds for internal organs, fluid cushion organs, fluid is hydrostatic skeleton
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ex of protostome animals?
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apods,molluscs,worms, most invertebrates
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deuterstome animals?
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starfish, vertebrates)
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3 differences between protostomes and deuterostomes?
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proto deutero
N.S.:ventral dorsal blasto pore: mouth anus hox cluster: no expansion expansion of posterior genes |
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functional embryo?
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body axes established, symmetry, formation of the embryoninc germ layers.
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most diverse lopotrochozoans?
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molluscs, annelida, platyhelminthes
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describe platyhelminthes?
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-acoelomate
-posses head -flat -anterior conc. NS -large SA |
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protonephridia?
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specialized excretory cell in platyhelmithes that conserve amino acids, sugars, ions, while excreting excess water=Nwaste
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4 platyhelminthes + lifestyles?
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see page 646
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Global impact of Schistosomiasis?
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In africa, se asia, nw s. america, caribbean. 200 mill infected, 20 mill chronically ill.
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Function of circulatory systems in animals?
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To transport gases, nutrients, waste, and hormones to and from interstitial fluids.
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4 major transport systems in triptoblasts?
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digestive, respiratory, excretory, circulatory
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respiratory pigments?
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O2 transport molecules
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4 different types of respiratory systems?
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see notes.
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4 mollusc features?
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1. internal organs between ventral muscular foot.
2.Dorsal mantle (dorsal cell layer that secretes a shell) 3. Mouth w/ radula 4. Mantle cavity w/ gills and anus. |
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3 major groups of molluscs + examples?
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Gastropods (snails)
Bivalvia (oyster) Cehphalopod (squid) |
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Primary synapomorphy for ecdysozoans?
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protein-based cuticle>>they must be molted to grow (ecdysis)
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Major ecdysozan phyla?
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Apods,nematodes, small phyla
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Apod's relatives + 3 features shared?
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velvet worms and waterbears
1. body segmentation 2. appendages 3.cuticle w/ chitin |
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3 evolutionary successess for apods?
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high species diversity
high ecological diversity Numerically Dominant |
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4 major groups of apods + habitats?
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1. Crustacea (aquatic)
2. Chelicerata (Mostly terrestrial) 3. Myriapoda (all terrestrial) 4. Hexapoda (mostly terrestrial) |
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2 important features of apod body plan?
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semented body, chitinous cuticle
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3 functions of skeleton:
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1. locomotion
2. support 3. protection |
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cuticle?
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external multilayer proteinacious matrix secreted by epidermal cells
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chitin?
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structural polysaccharide
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Characterstics of apods exoskeleton?
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-variable thick/flexible
-tough+hard -light+strong -waxy outer layer to prevent water loss |
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1st animal on land+when?
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chelicerates+myriopods 400 mya
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3 main chelicerates + habitat?
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Merostomata (marine)
Pycnogodia (marine) Arachnids (essentially all terrestrial) |
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Chelicerate body plan?
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2 tagmata: 1 cephlothorax w 6 pairs of appendages. 1 posterior abdomen
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Chelicerae?
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1 pair of appendages that are pincherlike
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Pedipalps?
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2nd pair, great diversity (prey capture, defence, sensory, sperm transfer)
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2 spider successes?
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silk and venom
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talk about spider silk?
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secreted protein from abdominal gland as a liquid that undergoes conformational change when pulled from spinnerettes. silk is used for egg protection, prey capture, safety line, nest building, balooing
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biodiversity?
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variety of life forms at cellular, tissue, organ, organism, population, species, ecosystem levels
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Ecosystem services?
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regulation of climate
purification of water retention of water formation of soils enriching of soils nutrient cycling pollination pest control |
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marketable biodiversity?
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food, material, fule, ecoturism, biomolecules
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5 causes of extinctions?
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habitat destruction
invasive species climate change over exploitation pollution |
