Bio 201 Histology

Front 1

Study of microscopic anatomy is what?

Back 1

Histology

Front 2

The four primary tissue classes are what?

Back 2

epithelial, connective, muscular, nervous

Front 3

Thin, avascular tissue that sits on the basement membrane is what kind of tissue?

Back 3

Epithelial

Front 4

How does epithelial tissue receive oxygen?

Back 4

Underlying connective tissue

Front 5

This type of tissue covers body surfaces, lines body cavities, forms the internal and external linings of many organs and is the bulk of most glands.

Back 5

Epithelial

Front 6

Cellularity, specialized contacts, polarity, connective tissue support, avascularity, innervated nerve fibers and regeneration are all characteristics of what tissue type?

Back 6

Epithelial tissue

Front 7

A simple row of flat cells that allow for rapid diffusion and secrete serous fluid is what kind of tissue?

Back 7

Simple squamous epithelium

Front 8

Alveoli, glomeruli, endothelium and serosa would be expected to contain what kind of tissue?

Back 8

Simple squamous epithelium

Front 9

A single row of cube-shaped cells, often with microvilli that functions in absorption and secretion and produces mucus is what kind of tissue?

Back 9

Simple cuboidal epithelium

Front 10

The liver, thyroid, glands, bronchioles, and most kidney tubules would be expected to contain what kind of tissue?

Back 10

Simple cuboidal epithelium

Front 11

A single row of tall, narrow cells that are vertically oriented, contain oval nuclei and function in absorption/secretion as well as secrete mucus is what kind of tissue?

Back 11

Simple columnar epithelium

Front 12

The inner lining of the GI tract, uterus, kidney and uterine tubes would be expected to contain what kind of tissue?

Back 12

Simple columnar epithelium

Front 13

A single row of cells, not all of which reach the free surface that secrete and propels respiratory mucus is what kind of tissue?

Back 13

Pseudostratified epithelium

Front 14

Where would you expect to find pseudostratified epithelium?

Back 14

Respiratory system

Front 15

_____ epithelium has a surface layer of dead cells and is stratified.

Back 15

Keratinized

Front 16

____ epithelium lacks a layer of dead cells and is stratified.

Back 16

Nonkeratinized

Front 17

The most abundant type of epithelial cells is what?

Back 17

Stratified squamous epithelia

Front 18

The skin, cheek and cervix would be expected to contain what kind of tissue?

Back 18

Stratified squamous epithelia

Front 19

This type of tissue limits water loss and prevents penetration of organisms. It also forms the epidermal layer of skin.

Back 19

Keratinized stratified squamous epithelium

Front 20

Multilayered epithelium covered with a layer of compact, dead squamous cells pack with a tough fibrous protein is what?

Back 20

Keratinized squamous epithelium

Front 21

Moist, slippery, multilayered epithelium that lacks a surface layer of dead cells that functions to resist abrasion is what kind of tissue?

Back 21

Nonkeratinized stratified squamous epithelium

Front 22

The tongue, oral mucosa, esophagus and vagina would be expected to have what kind of tissue?

Back 22

Nonkeratinized stratified squamous epithelium

Front 23

This type of tissue secretes sweat, ovarian hormones and produces sperm. It is found in sweat gland ducts, ovarian follicles and seminiferous tubules.

Back 23

Stratified cuboidal epithelia

Front 24

This rare tissue can be found in regions of the pharynx and larynx.

Back 24

Stratified columnar epithelia

Front 25

Multilayered epithelium with rounded surface cells that flatten when the tissue is stretched is what kind of tissue?

Back 25

Transitional

Front 26

The urinary tract would be expected to have what kind of tissue?

Back 26

Transitional

Front 27

____ secrete substances for elimination or for use elsewhere in the body.

Back 27

Glands

Front 28

Glands are composed predominantly of ____ tissue.

Back 28

Epithelial

Front 29

____ glands maintain connection to surface with a duct.

Back 29

Exocrine

Front 30

____ glands have no ducts and secrete their products directly into the bloodstream.

Back 30

Endocrine

Front 31

What is the name of the capsule and extensions of the capsule called septa that divide an exocrine gland into lobes and lobules?

Back 31

Stroma

Front 32

What is the name of the cells that synthesize the secretions of the gland?

Back 32

Parenchyma

Front 33

____ is a cluster of simple cuboidal cells surrounding the duct draining parenchyma cells.

Back 33

Acinus

Front 34

The two classes of exocrine glands are what?

Back 34

unicellular and multicellular

Front 35

What is the function of unicellular goblet cells?

Back 35

Secrete mucin which forms mucous

Front 36

Multicellular exocrine glands have an epithelium-derived ____.

Back 36

duct

Front 37

Multicellular exocrine glands that have an unbranched duct are what?

Back 37

Simple glands

Front 38

Multicellular exocrine glands with a branched duct are what?

Back 38

Compound glands

Front 39

If secretory cells form a dilated sac, then that are known as what?

Back 39

Acinar or alveolar

Front 40

If a duct and secretory cells are of uniform diameter, then they are known as what?

Back 40

Tubular

Front 41

Glands that produce thin, water secretions such as sweat, milk, tears and digestive juices are what kind of glands?

Back 41

Serous Glands

Front 42

These glands produce a glycoprotein mucin that absorbs water to form a sticky secretion called mucus.

Back 42

Mucous Glands

Front 43

____ glands contain both serous and mucous cells

Back 43

Mixed glands

Front 44

____ glands release whole cells such as sperm and eggs.

Back 44

Cytogenic glands

Front 45

These glands are secretory cells that disintergrate in order to deliver their accumulated product and some cell fragments. They are on a "suicide" mission.

Back 45

Holocrine glands

Front 46

Oil-producing glands of the scalp are an example of these type of holocrine glands.

Back 46

Sebaceous glands

Front 47

____ glands release their product by exocytosis. Examples include tears, salivary, gastric glands, pancreas and most sweat glands.

Back 47

Merocrine glands

Front 48

____ glands are really merocrine glands but have a confusing appearance. They are found in mammary glands and armpit sweat glands.

Back 48

Apocrine glands

Front 49

The most abundant and variable tissue type is what?

Back 49

connective tissue

Front 50

This tissue type contains cells not in direct contact since the volume of the extracellular matrix is greater than the volume occupied by cells.

Back 50

Connective tissue

Front 51

Connecting organs to each other, giving support and protection, storage of energy and heat production and movement + transport of materials are all functions of what?

Back 51

Connective tissue

Front 52

____ produce fibers and ground substance

Back 52

Fibroblasts

Front 53

____ store fat

Back 53

Adipocytes

Front 54

____ function in immunity and tissue repair.

Back 54

White blood cells

Front 55

____ fibers, or white fibers, are tough, resist stretch yet are flexible. They make up tendons, ligaments and the deep layer of the skin.

Back 55

Collagen

Front 56

____ fibers are thin collagen fibers coated with glycoprotein that form framework for spleen and lymph nodes.

Back 56

Reticular fibers

Front 57

____ fibers, or yellow fibers are thin branching fibers made of elastin that stretch and recoil. They give skin, lungs and arteries the ability to stretch and recoil.

Back 57

Elastic fibers

Front 58

____ are unusual disaccharides that attract sodium and hold water. They play an important role in regulating water and electrolyte balance.

Back 58

Glycosaminoglycans (GAGs)

Front 59

____ is a gigantic molecule shaped-like bottlebrush made of protein and GAGS. It is embedded in plasma membranes bonding to other cells or extracellular macromolecules

Back 59

Proteoglycan

Front 60

____ are protein-carbohydrate complexes that bind plasma membrane to collagen or proteoglycans outside the cells. They mark the pathways for cell migration.

Back 60

Glycoproteins

Front 61

What are the two types of connective tissue?

Back 61

Loose and dense

Front 62

Areolar, adipose and reticular are all what kind of tissue?

Back 62

Loose, fibrous connective tissue

Front 63

Regular and irregular are what kind of tissue?

Back 63

Dense fibrous connective tissue

Front 64

This tissue is a loose arrangement of collagenous and elastic fibers, scattered cell types and abundant ground substance. It underlies all epithelia forming a passageway for nerves and blood vessels; fascia between muscles.

Back 64

Areolar

Front 65

This tissue is a loose network of reticular fibers and cells and Forms supportive stroma for lymphatic organs. It is found in lymph nodes, the spleen, thymus and bone marrow.

Back 65

Reticular tissue

Front 66

This tissue contains large, empty-looking cells with a nucleus pressed against the cell membrane.

Back 66

Adipose tissue

Front 67

What are the two types of fat?

Back 67

White and Brown fat

Front 68

What type of fat generates heat?

Back 68

Brown fat

Front 69

This type of tissue contains densely packed, parallel collagen fibers; compressed fibroblast nuclei and little open space. It is found in tendons and ligaments and is non-vascular making it slow to heal.

Back 69

Dense regular connective tissue

Front 70

This tissue contains densely packed collagen fibers running in random directions; little open space and few visible cells. It can withstand stress applied in different directions and is found in the deeper portions of the skin and encapsulates organs.

Back 70

Dense irregular tissue

Front 71

Supportive connective tissue with rubbery, flexible matrix is what?

Back 71

Cartilage

Front 72

____ produce matrix and are called chondrocytes once they are surrounded.

Back 72

Chondroblasts

Front 73

This type of cartilage contains a clear, glassy matrix; fine dispersed collagen fibers; chondrocytes in clusters enclosed in lacunae. It supports the airway and eases joint movements.

Back 73

Hyaline cartilage

Front 74

One would expect to find ____ cartilage over the ends of bones at movable joints; sternal ends of ribs; supportive material in larynx, trachea, bronchi and fetal skeleton.

Back 74

Hyaline cartilage

Front 75

This cartilage is hyaline cartilage with a weblike mesh of elastic fibers amongst the lacunae. It always has perichondrium and provides flexible elastic support.

Back 75

Elastic cartilage

Front 76

____ is a layer of fibrous connective tissue covering surface.

Back 76

Perichondrium

Front 77

One would expect to find what type of cartilage at the external ear, auditory canal and epiglottis.

Back 77

Elastic cartilage

Front 78

This type of cartilage contains extensive parallel collagen fibers and never has a perichondrium. It resists compression and absorbs shock in some joints.

Back 78

Fibrocartilage

Front 79

One would expect to find what kind of cartilage in the pubic symphysis, knee joints, and intervertebral discs.

Back 79

Fibrocartilage

Front 80

Osseus tissue with cells called osteocytes make up what?

Back 80

Bone

Front 81

The ground substance of bone is hard ____.

Back 81

Calcium phosphate

Front 82

____ bone looks spongy in appearance. It is found in the middle layer of flat bones, fills heads of long bones and is always covered by compact bone.

Back 82

Spongy bone

Front 83

____ bone looks solid in appearance, has a complex arrangement and contains vertically oriented blood vessels in long bones.

Back 83

Compact

Front 84

This type of tissue contains calcified matrix in concentric lamellae, provides physical support, leverage for muscles and mineral storage.

Back 84

Bone tissue

Front 85

____ membranes lines joints and secretes synovial fluid rich in hyaluronic acid.

Back 85

Synovial membranes

Front 86

____ membranes contain stratified squamous epithelium resting on a layer of dermis. Its relatively dry layer serves protective function.

Back 86

Cutaneous membrane

Front 87

_____ membrane contains simple squamous epithelium on areolar tissue that covers organs and body walls and produces serous fluid.

Back 87

Serous membranes

Front 88

____ membranes line passageways that open to the exterior: digestive, respiratory, urinary and reproductive. They are often covered with mucus secreted by goblet cells

Back 88

Mucous membranes

Front 89

This genetic disorder involves a defect in elastin fibers. People present with tall stature, long limbs, spinal curvature and weakening of the heart valves and arterial walls.

Back 89

Marfan's Syndrome

Front 90

This genetic disorder involves a defect in collagen synthesis. It is characterized by stretchy skin, loose joints, abnormal blood vessels.

Back 90

Ehlers-Danlos syndrome

Front 91

This disorder is characterized by insufficient collagen in bones making them brittle.

Back 91

Osteogenesis Imperfecta (brittle-bone disease)

Front 92

A disease resulting from vitamin d deficiency that is characterized by poor wound healing and subcutaneous hemorrhages is what?

Back 92

Scurvy

Front 93

This type of tissue functions in movement, posture, speech, respiration and heat production.

Back 93

Muscular tissue

Front 94

Long, cylindrical, unbranched cells with striations and multiple peripheral nuclei is what kind of muscle?

Back 94

Skeletal muscle

Front 95

Short, branched cells with striations and intercalated discs and contains one central nuclei per cell is what kind of muscle?

Back 95

Cardiac muscle.

Front 96

Individual cardiac muscle cells are called what?

Back 96

Cardiocytes or myocytes

Front 97

Short fusiform cells that are not striated with only one central nucleus is what kind of muscle?

Back 97

Smooth Muscle

Front 98

Respiration is under ____ muscle control.

Back 98

skeletal

Front 99

The process of unspecialized tissues of an embryo changing to specialized mature cells is known as what?

Back 99

Differentiation

Front 100

The changing from one type of mature tissue to another is known as what?

Back 100

Metaplasia.

Front 101

____ is tissue growth through cell multiplication.

Back 101

Hyperplasia

Front 102

____ is enlargement of preexisting cells.

Back 102

Hypertrophy

Front 103

____ is growth of a tumor through growth of abnormal tissue.

Back 103

Neoplasia

Front 104

Undifferentiated cells with developmental plasticity are what?

Back 104

Stem cells

Front 105

____ stem cells can differentiate into any cell type possible.

Back 105

Totipotent

Front 106

____ stem cells can only differentiate into certain tissues.

Back 106

Pluripotent

Front 107

Adult stem cells that can give rise to two or more cell types are what?

Back 107

Multipotent

Front 108

Adult stem cells that can only differentiate into one cell type are what?

Back 108

Unipotent

Front 109

____ is shrinkage from loss of cell size/number.

Back 109

Atrophy

Front 110

____ is pathological death of tissue.

Back 110

Necrosis

Front 111

____ is due to insufficient blood supply.

Back 111

Gangrene

Front 112

____ is sudden death of tissue from lack of blood.

Back 112

Infarction

Front 113

____ is programmed cell death.

Back 113

Apoptosis

Front 114

What are the two ways in which damaged tissues are repaired?

Back 114

regeneration and fibrosis

Front 115

The replacement of dead or damaged cells with original cells that restores tissues to normal function is what kind of repair?

Back 115

Regeneration

Front 116

Replacement of damaged cells with scar tissue (collagen), helps hold organ together (without function being restored), healing muscle injuries, scarring of lung tissue or healing of severe cuts and burns of the skin are all characteristics of what kind of tissue repair?

Back 116

Fibrosis