Bio 201 Chapter 7: Energy & Metabolism

Front 1

Matter

Back 1

Anything that has mass and takes up space.

Front 2

Energy

Back 2

The capacity to do work; which is any change in the state or motion of matter.

Front 3

Kilocalories

Back 3

The amount of heat required to raise the temperature of 1 kg of water 1 degree C.

Front 4

Kinetic Energy

Back 4

Energy of motion.

Front 5

Potential Energy

Back 5

Stored energy; energy that can do work as a consequence of its position or state.

Front 6

Chemical Energy

Back 6

Potential energy that is stored in chemical bonds.

Front 7

Thermodynamics

Back 7

Principles governing energy transfer; often heat transfer.

Front 8

Closed System

Back 8

An entity that does not exchange energy with its surroundings.

Front 9

Open System

Back 9

An entity that exchanges energy with its surroundings.

Front 10

First Law of Thermodynamics

Back 10

The law of conservation of energy; which states that the total energy of any closed system remains constant.

Front 11

Second Law of Thermodynamics

Back 11

The physical law stating that the total amount of entropy in the universe continually increases.

Front 12

Heat

Back 12

The total amount of kinetic energy in a sample of a substance.

Front 13

Entropy

Back 13

A quantitative measure of the amount of random, disordered energy that is unavailable to do work.

Front 14

Metabolism

Back 14

The sum of all the chemical processes that occur within a cell or organism.

Front 15

Anabolism

Back 15

The aspect of metabolism in which simpler substances are combined to form more complex substances, resulting in the storage of energy, the production of new materials, and growth.

Front 16

Catabolism

Back 16

The aspect of metabolism in which complex substances are broken down to form simpler substances; important in releasing chemical energy stored by the cell.

Front 17

Enthalpy

Back 17

The total potential energy of a system.

Front 18

Free Energy

Back 18

The maximum amount of energy available to do work under the conditions of a biochemical reaction.

Front 19

Exergonic Reaction

Back 19

A reaction characterized by the release of free energy.

Front 20

Endergonic Reaction

Back 20

A nonspontaneous reaction; a reaction requiring a net input of free energy.

Front 21

Concentration Gradient

Back 21

A difference in the concentration of a substance from one point to another.

Front 22

Dynamic Equilibrium

Back 22

The condition of a chemical reaction when the rate of change in one direction is exactly the same as the rate of change in the opposite direction.

Front 23

Coupled Reactions

Back 23

A set of reactions in which an exergonic reaction provides the free energy required to drive an endergonic reaction.

Front 24

Phosphorylation Reaction

Back 24

The production of ATP in photosynthesis.

Front 25

Cytochromes

Back 25

Iron-containing heme proteins of the electron transport system.

Front 26

Enzymes

Back 26

An organic catalyst that accelerates a specific chemical reaction by lowering the activation energy.

Front 27

Catalyst

Back 27

A substance that increases the speed at which a chemical reaction occurs without being used up in the reaction.

Front 28

Catalase

Back 28

Specific enzyme used to speed up reactions.

Front 29

Energy of Activation

Back 29

The kinetic energy required to initiate a chemical reaction.

Front 30

Substrate

Back 30

A substance on which an enzyme acts; a reactant in an enzymatically catalyzed reaction.

Front 31

Active Sites

Back 31

A specific region of an enzyme that accepts one or more substrates and catalyzes a chemical reaction.

Front 32

Enzyme-Substrate Complex

Back 32

The temporary association between enzyme and substrate that forms during the course of a catalyzed reaction.

Front 33

Induced Fit

Back 33

Conformational change in the active site of an enzyme that occurs when it binds to its substrate.

Front 34

Cofactor

Back 34

A non-protein substance needed by an enzyme for normal activity.

Front 35

Coenzyme

Back 35

An organic cofactor for an enzyme.

Front 36

Coenzyme A

Back 36

Organic cofactor responsible for transferring groups derived from organic acids.

Front 37

Metabolic Pathway

Back 37

A series of chemical reactions in which the product of one reaction becomes the substrate of the next reaction.

Front 38

Feedback Inhibition

Back 38

A type of enzyme regulation in which the accumulation of the product of a reaction inhibits an earlier reaction in the sequence.

Front 39

Allosteric Site

Back 39

A site on an enzyme other than the active site, to which the specific substrate binds, therefore changing the shape and activity of the enzyme.

Front 40

Allosteric Regulators

Back 40

Substances that affect protein function by binding to allosteric sites.

Front 41

Reversible Inhibition

Back 41

Inhibition that occurs when an inhibitor forms weak chemical bonds with an enzyme.

Front 42

Competitive Inhibition

Back 42

The inhibitor competes with the normal substrate for binding to the active site of the enzyme.

Front 43

Non-competitive Inhibition

Back 43

The inhibitor binds with the enzyme at a site other than the active site.

Front 44

Irreversible Inhibition

Back 44

An inhibitor permanently inactivates or destroys an enzyme when the inhibitor combines with one of the enzyme's functional groups.