Bio 201 A&p Chapter 4 Lamanna

Front 1

What is tissue?

Back 1

Groups of cells similar in structure and function

Front 2

What are the four types of tissue?

Back 2

1. Epithelial
2. Connective
3. Muscle
4. Nerve

Front 3

What is Epithelial Tissue?

Back 3

-A(non)vascular but innervated - contains NO BLOOD vessels, but supplied by nerve fibers.
-Regenerative - rapidly replaces lost cells by cell division
-Forms boundaries between different environments, protects, secretes, absorbs, filters.
i.e. skin surface (epidermis)
i.e. (lining of GI tract organs and other hallow organs.

Front 4

What are the 5 classifications of Epithelial cells?

Back 4

-Smiple (one cell)
-Stratified (more than one layer)
-Squamous (flat
-Cuboidal (cube shaped)
-Columnar (column shaped)

Front 5

What describes simple epithelia?

Back 5

one cell layer

Front 6

What describes stratified epithelia?

Back 6

more than one cell layer

Front 7

What describes squamous epithelia?

Back 7

flat disc like cells

Front 8

What describes cuboidal epithelia?

Back 8

cube shaped cells, often with a round nucleus.

Front 9

What describes columnar epithelia?

Back 9

column shaped cells, often having an oval shaped nucleus

Front 10

How do you describe Simple Squamous Epithelia?

Back 10

-single layer of flattened cells with disc-shaped nuclei and sparse cytoplasm
-the simplest of the epithelia

Front 11

What is the function of Simple Squamous Epithelia?

Back 11

-Diffusion
-Filtration
-Allows passage of materials by diffusion and filtration in sites where protection is not important.
-secretes lubricating substances in serosae
-Provides a slick, friction reducing lining in the lymphatic and cardiovascular systems.
-Present in the kidney glomeruli, lining of heart, blood vessels, lymphatic vessels, and serosae

Front 12

Describe Simple Cuboidal Epithelia:

Back 12

-Single layer of cube-like cells with large, spherical central nuclei
-"river of red"

Front 13

What is the function of Simple Cuboidal Epithelia?

Back 13

-Secretion
-Absorption

Front 14

Where would you find Simple Cuboidal Epithelia?

Back 14

Present in kidney tubules, ducts, and secretory portions of small glands and ovary surface.

Front 15

Where would you find Simple Squamous Epithelia?

Back 15

-Present in the kidney glomeruli, lining of heart, blood vessels, lymphatic vessels, and serosae

Front 16

Describe Simple Columnar Epithelia:

Back 16

-Single layer of tall cells with oval nuclei; many contain cilia
-may contain mucus secreting unicellular glands (goblet cells)

Front 17

What is the function of Simple Columnar Epithelia?

Back 17

-Absorption, secretion of mucus, enzymes, and other substances;
-ciliated type propels mucus (or reproductive cells) by ciliary action. Cilia help move substances through internal passageways.

Front 18

Where would you find Simple Columnar Epithelia?

Back 18

-Nonciliated type line the digestive tract (stomach to anal canal), gallblader, and excretory ducts of some glands;
ciliated variety lines small bronchi, uterine tubes, and some regions of the uterus.

Front 19

Descrie Pseudostratified Columnar Epithelia:

Back 19

-Single layer of cells of differing heights, some not reaching the free (APICAL) surface;
-nuclei area seen at different levels;
-may contain goblet cells and bear cilia
-ALL CELLS start a basal level!!!

Front 20

What is the function of Pseudostratified Columnar Epithelia?

Back 20

-Secretion, particularly of mucus;
-propulsion of mucus by ciliary action

Front 21

Where is Pseudostratified Columnar Epithelia located?

Back 21

-Nonciliated type is present in the male sperm-carrying ducts and ducts of large glands;
-Nonciliated variety lines the upper respiratory tract (trachea)

Front 22

What is Stratified Squamous Epithelia?

Back 22

-Thick membrane composed of several layers of cells
-Basal cells are cuboidal or columnar and metabolically active
-Surface cells are flattened (squamous)
-in the keratinized type, the surface cells are full of keratin and dead
-basal cells are active in mitosis and produce the cells of the more superficial layers

Front 23

What is the function of Stratified Squamous Epithelia?

Back 23

-Protects underlying tissues in areas subjected to abrasion.

Front 24

Where do you find Stratified Squamous Epithelia?

Back 24

-Forms the exernal part of the skin's epidermis (keratinized cells), a dry membrane
Nonkeratinized type forms the moist linings of the esophagus, mouth, and vagina -keratinized = dead

Front 25

Describe Stratified Cuboidal Epithelia:

Back 25

-Rare in body
-found in some sweat and mammary glands
typically two cell layers thick

Front 26

Describe Stratified columnar epithelia

Back 26

-rare in body
-found in the pharynx, male urethra, and lining of some glandular ducts
-also occurs at transition areas between two other types of epithelia.

Front 27

What is the function and where would you find Transitional Epithelia?

Back 27

-stretches to permit the distention of the urinary bladder
-lines the urinary bladder, ureters, and part of the urethra
-stretchy: i.e. to pass a kidney stone

Front 28

Describe Transitional Epithelia:

Back 28

-Resembles both stratified squamous and stratified cuboidal; basal cells cuboidal or columnar; surface cedlls dome shaped or squamouslike, depending on degree of organ stretch.
-several cell layers
-basal cells are cuboidal
-surface cells are dome shaped

Front 29

What is Glandular Epithelia?

Back 29

one or more cells that makes and secretes an aqueous fluid.
-classified by site of product release (exocrine or endocrine) and relative number of cells forming the gland (unicellular i.e. goblet cell, or multicellular).

Front 30

What is an Endocrine Gland?

Back 30

-ductless gland that produces hormones
-secretes hormones that travel through lymph or blood to target organs

Front 31

What is an Exocrine Gland?

Back 31

-more numerous than endocrine glands
-secrete products into ducts
-secretions released onto body surfaces (skin) or into body cavities
-i.e.: mucous, sweat, oil, and salivary glands.

Front 32

Which gland is both an endocrine and exocrine gland?

Back 32

pancrease

Front 33

What is a unicellular exocrine gland?

Back 33

Goblet Cell

Front 34

What are Multicellular Exocrine Glands?

Back 34

-composed of a duct and a secretory unit
-classified according to duct type (simple or compound)
-classified according to structure of their secretory units (tubular, alveolar, or tubuloalveolar).

Front 35

What is an alveolus?

Back 35

a sac

Front 36

What is a simple duct structure?

Back 36

one that does not branch.
i.e. simple tubular: intestinal gland
i.e. simple branched tubular: stomach (gastric) glands

Front 37

What is compound duct structure?

Back 37

duct branches
-i.e.:duodenal glands of small intestine

Front 38

What are the two modes of gland secretion?

Back 38

Merocrine
Holocrine

Front 39

What is Merocrine gland secretion?

Back 39

gland products are secreted by EXOCYTOSIS
-i.e. pancreas, sweat, and salivary glands)

Front 40

What is Holocrine gland secretion?

Back 40

gland products are secreted by the rupture of gland cells
-i.e. sebaceous glands
--cell bursts sebum excreted.

Front 41

What is Connective Tissue?

Back 41

-found throughout the body;
-most abundant of all tissues
-widely distributed in primary ttissues

Front 42

What are the four types of Connective Tissue?

Back 42

1. Connective tissue Proper
2. Cartilage
3. Bone
4. Blood

Front 43

What are the functions of Connective Tissue?

Back 43

-binding and support
-protection
-insulation
-transportation (blood)

Front 44

What are the three structural elements of connective tissue?

Back 44

1. Ground substance
2. Fibers
3. Cells

Front 45

What is Ground Substance?

Back 45

unstructured material that fills the space between cells

Front 46

What are the three types of fibers in regards to structural elements of connective tissue?

Back 46

collagen, elastic, or reticular

Front 47

What are cells, in regards to structural elements of connective tissue?

Back 47

fibroblasts
chondroblasts
osteoblasts
hematopoietic stem cells

Front 48

What is collagen (white fibers)?

Back 48

-strongest and most abundant type
-provides high tensile strength
-gives strength

Front 49

What is elastic?

Back 49

networks of long, thin, elastin fibers that allow for STRETCH

Front 50

What is Reticular Fiber?

Back 50

-short, fine, highly branched collagenous fibers
-branchlike tree
-creates structure

Front 51

What do cells do in relationship to the structural elements of connective tissue?

Back 51

-mitotically active and secretory cells = "blasts" (build)
-mature cells = "cytes"

Front 52

What type of cells are found in connective tissue proper?

Back 52

Fibroblasts

Front 53

What type of cells are found in cartilage?

Back 53

chondroblasts and chondrocytes

Front 54

What type of cells are found in bone?

Back 54

osteoblasts and osteocytes

Front 55

What type of cells are found in bone marrow?

Back 55

Hematopoietic stem cells
-fyi bone marrow produces blood

Front 56

What are the other types of cells that can be found as structural elements of connective tissue?

Back 56

fat cells
white blood cells
mast cells
macrophages

Front 57

What is Embryonic Connective Tissue?

Back 57

Mesenchyme

Front 58

What is Mesenchyme?

Back 58

-comes from mesoderm
-all connective tissue comes from mesenchyme
-embryonic connective tissue

Front 59

What are the two types of Connective Tissue Proper?

Back 59

Loose Connective Tissue
Dense Connective Tissue

Front 60

What is Loose Connective Tissue Proper?

Back 60

Gel like matrix with all three fiber types, cells: fibroblasts, macrophages, mast cells, and some white blood cells.

Front 61

What is the function of Connective Tissue Proper?

Back 61

Wraps and cushions organs
-its macrophages phagocytize bacteria
-plays an important role in inflammation
-holds and conveys tissue fluid

Front 62

Where can you find Connective Tissue Proper?

Back 62

Widely distributed under epithelia of body
-i.e. forms lamina propria of mucous membrane
-packages organs
surrounds capillaries

Front 63

What is Loose Areolar Connective Tissue Proper

Back 63

-wraps and cushions organs
-widely distributed throughout the body

Front 64

What is Loose Adipose Connective Tissue Proper?

Back 64

-Matrix, as in areolar, but very sparse
-closely packed adipocytes, or fat cells, have nucleus pushed to the side by large fat droplet

Front 65

What is the function of Loose Adipose Connective Tissue Proper?

Back 65

-Provides reserve food fuel
-insulates against heat loss;
-supports and protects organs.

Front 66

Where is Loose Adipose Connective Tissue Proper located?

Back 66

-Under skin
-around kidneys and eyeballs
-within abdomen
-in breasts

Front 67

What is Loose Reticular Connective Tissue Proper?

Back 67

-Network of reticular fibers in a typical loos ground substance
-reticular cells lie on the network

Front 68

What is the function of Loose Reticular Connective Tissue Proper?

Back 68

-forms a soft internal skeleton or stroma that supports other cell types

Front 69

Where is Loose Reticular Connective Tissue Proper located?

Back 69

Lymphoid organs (lymph nodes, bone marrow, and spleen)

Front 70

What is Dense Regular Connective Tissue Proper?

Back 70

Primarily parallel collagen fibers
-a few elastin fibers;
-major cell type is the fibroblast

Front 71

What is the function of Dense Regular Connective Tissue Proper?

Back 71

Attaches muscles to bones or to muscles.
-Attaches bones to bones
-withstands great tensile stress when pulling force is applied in one direction
-moves only ONE WAY

Front 72

Where is Dense Regular Connective Tissue Proper located?

Back 72

tendons
ligaments
aponeuroses

Front 73

What is Dense Irregular Connective Tissue Proper?

Back 73

Primarily irregularly arranged collagen fibers
-some elastic fibers
-major cell type is the fibroblast

Front 74

What is the function of the Dense Irregular Connective Tissue Proper?

Back 74

Able to withstand tension exerted in many directions;
-provides structural strength
-moves in multiple directions

Front 75

Where can you find Dense Irregular Connective Tissue Proper?

Back 75

-found in the dermis, submucosa of the digestive tract, joint capsules, and fibrous organ capsules.

Front 76

What are the three types of Cartilage Connective Tissue?

Back 76

1. Hyaline cartilage
2. Elastic cartilage
3. Fibrocartilage

Front 77

What is Hyaline Cartilage Connective Tissue?

Back 77

-Amorphous but firm matrix;
-collagen fibers form an imperceptible network
-chondroblasts produce the matrix and when mature (chondrocytes) lie in lacunae

Front 78

What is the function of Hyaline Cartilage Connective Tissue?

Back 78

-supports, reinforces.
-has resilient cushioning properties
-resists compressive stress

Front 79

Where do you find Hyaline Cartilage Connective Tissue?

Back 79

-found in embryonic skeleton, the end of long bones, nose, trachea, and larynx
-forms the costal cartilage of the ribs

Front 80

What is Elastic Cartilage Connective Tissue?

Back 80

-Similar to Hyaline cartilage but with more elastic fibers in matrix

Front 81

Where do you find Elastic Cartilage Connective Tissue?

Back 81

-Supports external ear (pinna ) and epiglottis

Front 82

What is the purpose of Elastic Cartilage Connective Tissue?

Back 82

-Maintains the shape of a structure while allowing great flexibility

Front 83

What is Fibrocartilage Cartilage Connective Tissue?

Back 83

-Matrix similar to but less firm than that in hyaline cartilage; thick collagen fibers predominate

Front 84

Where do you find Fibrocartilage Cartilage Connective Tissue?

Back 84

Intervertebral discs; pubic symphysis, discs of knee joint (meniscus)

Front 85

What is the function of Fibrocartilage Cartilage Connective Tissue?

Back 85

Provides TENSILE strength with the ability to absorb compressive shock.

Front 86

What is Bone (Osseous Tissue) Connective Tissue?

Back 86

Hard, calcified matrix containing many collaagen fibers; osteocytes lie in lacunae. Very well vascularized

Front 87

What is the function of Bone (Osseous Tissue) Connective Tissue?

Back 87

-Bone supports and protects (by enclosing);
-provides levers for the muscles to act on;
-stores calcium and other minerals and fat;
-marrow inside bones is the site for blood cell formation in hematopoiesis.
-Vitamin C is important to produce collagen

Front 88

Where is Bone (Osseous Tissue) Connective Tissue found?

Back 88

Bones

Front 89

What is Blood Connective Tissue?

Back 89

Red and white cells in a fluid matrix (plasma)

Front 90

What is the function of Blood Connective Tissue?

Back 90

-Transport of respiratory gasses, nutrients, wastes, and other substances.
-Helps to regulate temperature

Front 91

Where is Blood Connective Tissue located?

Back 91

Within the blood vessels

Front 92

What is Nervous Tissue?

Back 92

Branching Neurons with long
cellular processes (axons and dendrites and support cells that may be quite long
-extend from the nucleus-containing cell body;
-also contributing to nervous tissue are non-irritable supporting cells

Front 93

What is the function of Nervous Tissue?

Back 93

Transmit electrical signals from sensory receptors and to effectors (muscles and glands) which control their activity.

Front 94

Where is Nervous Tissue found?

Back 94

Brain
Spinal Cord
Peripheral Nerves

Front 95

What is Skeletal Muscle Tissue?

Back 95

Long Cylindrical multinucleate cells; obvious striations

Front 96

What is the function of Skeletal Muscle Tissue?

Back 96

Voluntary movement
-locomotaion
-manipulation of the environment
-facial expression
-voluntary control

Front 97

Where do you find Skeletal Muscle Tissue?

Back 97

skeletal muscles attached to bones or occasionally to skin

Front 98

What is Cardiac Muscle Tissue?

Back 98

-Branching,
-striated,
-generally uninucleate cells
interlock at special connections called intercalated discs (specific ONLY to cardiac tissue)

Front 99

What is the function of Cardiac Muscle Tissue?

Back 99

-As it contracts, it propels blood into the circulation;
-INVOLUNTARY control

Front 100

Where is Cardiac Muscle Tissue located?

Back 100

The walls of the hart ONLY

Front 101

What is Smooth Muscle Tissue?

Back 101

-sheets of spindle-shaped cells
-NO striations
-INVOLUNTARY
-UNINUCLEATE
-Cells are arranged closely to form sheets

Front 102

What is the function of Smooth Muscle Tissue?

Back 102

Propels substances or objects (foodstufts, urine, a baby) along internal passageways; involuntary control. i.e. peristalsis

Front 103

Where is Smooth Muscle Tissue located?

Back 103

-Mostly in the walls of hollow organs
-in blood vessels that run through the heart

Front 104

What are the three steps of Tissue Repair?

Back 104

1. Inflammation
2. Organization
3. Regeneration and fibrosis

Front 105

What is Inflammation

Back 105

-1st step of tissue repair
-brings in everything to begin repair process
-severed vessels become more permeable allowing white blood cells, fluid, clotting proteins and other plasma proteins to seep into the injured area.
-clotting occurs and forms a scab

Front 106

What is Organization?

Back 106

-2nd step in tissue repair
-the clot is replaced by granulation tissue, which restores the vascular supply.
-Fibroblasts produce collagen fibers that bridge the gap.
-Macrophages phagocytize cell debris.
-surface epithelial cells multiply and migrate over the granulation tissue.

Front 107

What is Regeneration and fibrosis?

Back 107

-the scab detaches
-fibrous tissue matures and contracts; epithelium thickens and begins to resemble adjacent tissue
-results in a fully regenerated epithelium with underlying scar tissue.

Front 108

What does Cutaneous Membrane mean?

Back 108

skin

Front 109

What is the Mucous membrane?

Back 109

-lines body cavities with an opening to the exterior
-i.e. digestive tracts and respiratory tracts.

Front 110

What is the a Serous membrane?

Back 110

-lines body cavities that do NOT have an opening to the exterior
-moist membranes found in closed ventral body cavities.
-i.e. parietal pericardium, visceral pericardium, visceral pleura, parietal pleura, parietal peritoneum, visceral peritoneum