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35 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Immediate energy
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myoglobin in the muscle supplies O for a limited time, this O supply is quickly depleted. Enough ATP for 1 minute fast walking or 6 sec of sprint swimming.
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2 enzymes of immediate energy
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myokinase (taking Pi from one ADP to another making ATP)
Creatine kinase (takes Pi from phosphate-storage molecules creatine phosphate (CP) and gives to ADP to make ATP) |
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phosphagen system
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ATP and CP (creatine phosphate)
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short-term energy or glycogen-lactic acid system
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muscle obtain glucose from blood and their own stored glycogen. (2 ATP from glycolysis) Enough ATP only for 30-40 sec of max activity
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Long-term energy
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Aerobic respiration - 36 ATP. Last more than 10 minutes.
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Muscle fatigue
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progressive weakness and loss of contractility that results from prolonged use of the muscles.
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Causes of fatigue
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ATP synthesis stops when glycogen is ended.
ATP shortage slows down Na+K+ pumps so their ability to maintain resting membrane potential and excitability of muscle fibers is compromised. Lactic acid lowers pH of sarcoplasm. Each action potential releases K+ from sarcoplasm to ECF and makes muscle fibers less excitable. Motor nerve fibers use up their ACh that makes junctional fatigue. The CNS fatigues. |
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slow oxidative (SO), slow twitch, red or type I. High-endurance muscles.
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abundant in mitochondria, myoglobin, blood capillaries. These fibers do not fatigue easily. High endurance muscles: soleus, postural muscles of the back, etc.
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Fast glycolytic (FG), fast-twitch, white, type II. Low-endurance muscles.
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This muscles are well adapted to quick responses but not for fatigue resistance because generation of lactic acid. Important in sports like basketball. Low-endurance muscles: gastrocnemius, biceps brachii, eye movement muscles.
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Intermediate fibers
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combine fast-twitch responses with aerobic fatigue-resistant metabolism. Relatively rare but in endurance-trained athletes.
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flaccid paralysis
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medical event characterized by weakness and paralysis and reduced muscle tone without trauma.
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tetanus
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medical condition characterized by prolonged contraction of skeletal muscle fibers.
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complete tetanus
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when twitches fused into a smooth, prolonged contraction.
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incomplete tetanus
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state of sustained fluttering contraction. (wave added upon a wave, so each twitch reaches a higher level of tension than the one before).
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advantages of training at higher altitude
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Improves O delivery to the muscle because of increased production of red blood cells .
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flex the shoulder
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pectoralis major, deltoid, biceps brachii
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extend the shoulder
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triceps brachii, deltoid, latissimus dorsi,
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abduct the arm
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supraspinatus, deltoid
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adduct the arm
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latissimus dorsi, pecotralis major, teres major, teres minor
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medially rotate arm
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subscapularis, deltoid, latissimus dorsi, poctoralis major, teres major
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laterally rotate arm
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teres minor, infraspinatus, deltoid
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flex the elbow
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brachialis, biceps brachii, brachoradialis
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extend elbow
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tricep brachii
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flex wrist
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flexor carpi, palmar lonus, flexocarpi ulnar
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extend wrist
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extensor cari radialis longus and brevis, extensor digitorum, extensor carpi ulnaris
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abduct hand
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extensor carpi radialis longus, brevis, flexor carp radialis
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adduct hand
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flexor carpi ulnaris, extensor carpi ulnaris
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flex hip
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adductor magnus, longus, rectus femoris
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extend hip
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gluteus maximus, biceps femoris, semimenbranosus, semitendinosus
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abduct thigh
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gluteus maximus, medius, satrorius, tensor fasciae latae
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adduct thigh
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adductor magnus, longus, gracialis
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medially rotate thigh
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adductor magnus, longus, gluteus medius,
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laterally rotate thigh
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gluteus maximus, satrorius
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flex knee
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sartoius, biceps femoris, semimembranosus, semitendinosus, gracialis, gastrocnemius
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extend knee
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rectus femoris, vastus lateralis, medialis, intermedius, rensor fascial latae
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