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75 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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3 classes of macromolecules |
Proteins Lipids Carbohydrates |
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What is the fourth class of macromolecules |
Nucleic acids |
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What are nucleic acids composed of |
Monomers called nucleotides |
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Nucleotides are |
Polymerized to form large stands |
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Base sequence |
Each nucleic acid strand contains certain molecules that appear in a certain order within the strand |
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The base sequence of DNA is responsible for |
Carrying and retaining the hereditary information in a cell |
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DNA stands for |
Deoxyribonucleic acid |
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Building blocks of nucleic acid |
Nucleotides |
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Deoxyribonucleotides |
Nucleotides that compose DNA |
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Three components of a deoxyribonucleotide |
Deoxyribose Phosphate group Nitrogenous base |
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Five carbon sugar in DNA |
deoxyribose |
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How are the 5 carbon deoxyribose numbered |
1' (prime) 2' 3' 4' 5' |
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A nucleoside comprises |
The five carbon sugar and nitrogenous base |
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Deoxyribonucleotide is named according to |
The nitrogenous bases |
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Purines |
Adenine Guanine |
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Pyrimidines |
Cytosine Thymine |
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What type of ring structure so purines have? |
Double ring structure with a 6 carbon ring fused to a five carbon ring |
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What type of ring structure do pyrimidines have |
Only a six carbon ring structure |
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Which ones are smaller nitrogenous bases |
Pyrimidines |
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Which base is unique to DNA |
Thymine |
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Sugar-phosphate backbone |
The alternating Sugar-phosphate structure composing the framework of a nucleic acid strand |
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What are used during the polymerization process |
Deoxynucleotide triphosphates (dNTP) |
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How to construct sugar-phosphate backbone step 1 |
The two terminal phosphates are released from dNTP as a phorphosphate. |
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How to construct a sugar-phosphate step 2 |
The resulting strand of nucleic acid has a free phosphate group at the 5' carbon and a free hydroxyl group at 3' carbon |
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How to construct sugar-phosphate backbone step 3 |
The two unused phosphate groups from the nucleotide triphosphate are released as pyrophosphate during phosphodiester bond formation |
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During which formation and the two unused phosphates released. What are the released as |
During phosphodiester bone formation as pyrophosphate |
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What happens to the pyrophosphate when it is released |
It is hydrolyzed and releases energy used to drive nucleotide polymerization |
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Watson and Crick proposed |
That DNA is made up of two strands that are twisted around each other to form a right handed helix |
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The two DNA stands are |
Antiparallel |
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Antiparallel |
The 3' end of one stand faces the 5' end of the other |
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What form the backbone |
The sugar and phosphate of the polymerized nucleotides |
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What are stacked inside of DNA |
Nitrogenous bases |
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Base pairing |
The nitrogenous bases on the interior of the molecule interact with each other |
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How many bases per turn in DNA |
About 10 bases |
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What makes major grooves |
Asymmetrical spacing of the sugar-phosphate backbones. Backbone is far apart |
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What makes minor grooves |
Backbone is close together |
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The grooves are |
Locations where proteins can bind to DNA |
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The binding of these proteins can |
Alter the structure of DNA Regulate replication Regulate transcription of DNA into RNA |
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Base pairing takes place between |
A purine and pyrimidine |
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Complementary base pairs |
Adenine (A) Thymine (T) Cytosine (C) Guanine (G) |
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Base pairs are stabilized by |
Hydrogen bonds |
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How many and what type of bonds are formed between A & T |
Two hydrogen bonds between A&T |
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What kind and how many bonds are formed between C & G |
Three hydrogen bonds between C&G |
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What can break the hydrogen bonds between complementary bases |
Exposing the two strand of the double helix to high temperatures or to certain chemicals |
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DNA denaturation |
Separating the strands into two separate single strands of DNA |
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ssDNA |
Single stranded DNA |
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DNA denaturation is analogous to |
Protein denaturation |
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How can ssDNA be put back together |
Through annealing or renaturing by cooling or removing the chemical denaturants, allowing the hydrogen bonds to reform |
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DNA stores information needed |
To build and control the cell |
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Vertical gene transfer |
The transmission of stored information from mother to daughter cells |
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What process does vertical gene transfer use |
DNA replication |
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DNA replication |
DNA is replicated when a cell makes a duplicate copy of its DNA The cell divides Results in the correct distribution of one DNA copy to each resulting cell |
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What role does DNA not serve |
Does not serve a structural role in cells |
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RNA stands for |
Ribonucleic acid |
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Ribonucleic acid |
Similar to DNA, but RNA molecules are much shorter and are typically one stranded |
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What process is RNA mainly a part of |
The process of protein synthesis (translation) and it's regulation |
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RNA is typically |
Single stranded and made of ribonucleotides |
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What are ribonucleotides linked by |
Phosphodiester bonds |
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What does a ribonucleotide in the RNA chain contain |
Ribose (the pentose sugar) One of the four nitrogenous bases And a phosphate group |
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Pentose sugar |
Ribose |
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RNA nitrogenous bases |
Adenine Uracil (replaces Thymine in DNA) Cytosine Guanine |
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DNA compared to RNA |
The subtle structural difference between the sugars gives DNA added stability, making it more suitable for storage of genetic information. The relative instability of RNA makes it more suitable for its more short term functions |
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RNA specific prymidine |
Uracil |
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Uracil |
Forms a complementary base pair with adenine |
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Even though RNA is single stranded most types show |
Extensive intramolecular base pairing between complementary sequences, which creates a predictable 3D structure |
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What is essential for RNA function |
A three dimensional structure |
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Three main types of RNA |
messenger RNA (mRNA) ribosomal RNA (rRNA) transfer RNA (tRNA) |
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Structure of mRNA |
Short, unstable, single stranded RNA corresponding to a gene encoded within DNA |
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Function of mRNA |
Serves as intermediary between DNA and protein; used by ribosome to direct synthesis of protein it encodes |
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Structure of rRNA |
Longer, stable RNA molecules composing 60% of ribosomes mass |
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Function of rRNA |
Ensures the proper alignment of mRNA, tRNA, and ribosome during protein synthesis; catalyzes peptide bond formation between amino acids |
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Structure of tRNA |
Short (70-90 nucleotides), stable RNA with extensive intramolecular base pairing; contains an amino acid binding site and an mRNA binding site |
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Function of tRNA |
Carries the correct amino acid to the site of protein synthesis in the ribosome |
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What viruses are composed of singled stranded RNA |
Rhinoviruses |
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What viruses are composed of double stranded RNA |
Rotaviruses |
