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21 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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evolution
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descent with modification; change in genetic composition of a population from generation to generation
defined in 2 ways: pattern and process pattern- data and observations of the natural world process- mechanism that produces the observed pattern |
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Aristotle
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Nature is unchanging and static; believed all creature can be lined up in a ladder or "scala naturae"; coincides with Old Testament
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Linnaeus
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Created Binomial Naming System (naming according to genus and species); adopted the "nested classification system": grouped general species into categories
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fossils
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remains of traces of organisms; found in sedimentary rocks; new layers of sediment covers fossils and compressed them. new layers called STRATUM.
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paleontology
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the study of fossils
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Cuvier
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father of paleontology
noticiced 2 patterns; from one layer to the next, new species appeared while some disappeared and old stratum contained different fossils; oppose the idea of evolution; therefore created the term "catastrophism" |
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catastrophism
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life in a specific regions get periodically wiped out by catastrophies and replaced by different life forms from neighboring regions
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Hutton
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proposed idea of geological changes over time through slow process (vally formed by flowing water); "gradualism"
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Charles Lyell
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Proposed the idea of "uniformitarianism"; mechanisms of change are constant over time
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Jean Baptiste Lamarck
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provided a mechanism for the evolution of species; however wrong, he explained the idea of acquired characteristics, therefore parents can pass down modifications to offsprings (used and disused traits: disused traits fade while used stay) ex. giraffe: neck usage.
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Charles Darwin
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Born in 1809, died in 1882
Voyage of the Beagle: to chart South African borders; he stopped at the galapagos island where he found a series of finches, observed ADAPTATION (characteristics that enhances the survival and reproduction in certain environments); adaptations arise due to NATURAL SELECTION (process in which individuals with certain traits would leave more offsprings then others) 1858: Alfred Wallace developed hypothesis similar to Darwin's; forced Darwin to publish works immediately; formed a joint paper with Wallace; book: "Origins of Species by means of Natural Science" |
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"Origin of Species" main idea:
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Claims that all species derived from a common ancestor; this organism lived in a variety of conditions which caused adaptations and mutations and eventually led to the way we are; viewed life as a tree that branches out to new species
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natural,artificial selection and adaptation
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Darwin perceived a connection between natural selectionand artificial selection Thomas Malthus' essay stated that as our population increased, so did means of controlling it (war, disease)
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INDIVIDUALS DON'T EVOLVE
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POPULATIONS DO
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evidence of evolution
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direct observations is used
used different fossils and compared them to others |
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homology
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study of similar traits resulting from a common ancestry.
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homologous structures
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variations on a structure theme that was present in their common ancestor
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vestigial structures
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remnants of features that ancestors have used in the past
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evolutionary tree
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diagram that reflects evolutionary relationships among groups of organisms
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convergent evolution
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independent evolution of similar features in different lineages.
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endemic
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when species are found only in ONE place
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