Bio 2 Test 2 Chapter 27 Prokaryotes

Front 1

Dude king phillip came over for good sex

Back 1

Domain, Kingdom, phylum, class, order, family, genus, species

Front 2

Prokaryotes
(before nucleus)

Back 2

1. No membrane bound nucleous
2. No membrane bound organelles
3. Circular chromosomes
Oldest and structurally the simplest forms of life.

Hint 2

Eukaryote(true nucleus)
1)membrane bounded both nucleus and organelles
2)Varying shapes of choromosome(human-rod shape)

Front 3

Clade (candidate kingdom)

Back 3

A group of closely related organisms that have a common ancestor.

Front 4

"Nucleoid region" floating in cytoplasm

Back 4

1)Plasmids
-carry accessary genes
2)antibiotic resistant
-replicated and duplicated chromosome

Front 5

three most common shapes of Bacteria

Back 5

Coccus (round), Bacillus (rod-shaped),
spirillum (spiral)
Ex.** Spirillium volutans

Front 6

Reproduction in Prokaryotes

Back 6

No mitosis or meiosis, no spindle apparatus, no mitoic phases/stages.
*Binary fission(Asexual reproduction)
**Conjugation (version of sexual reproduction)

Front 7

Cell wall in ProK

Back 7

-protect and maintain shape.
-Bacteria's cell wall made of *peptidoglycan.
-eukaryotic cell walls are usually made of *Cellulose or *Chitin. In contrast, most bacterial cell walls contain peptidoglycan, a network of modified–sugar polymers cross–linked by short polypeptides.

Front 8

Gram stain technique
By H.C.Gram

Back 8

1. Stain bacteria with crystal violet and iodine
2. rinse off with alcohol
3. And then stain with Safranin(red dye)

The structure of the cell wall determines the staining response

Front 9

Gram-positive

Back 9

After stain **Peptidoglycan layer traps violet. Gram–positive bacteria have simpler walls with a relatively large amount of peptidoglycan. (2 layers outer peptidoglycan, inner plasmamembrane with protein)

Front 10

Gram-negative

Back 10

After stain appears red or pink trapped by **lipopolysaccharide (hair like). Gram–negative bacteria have less peptidoglycan and are structurally more complex, with an outer membrane that contains lipopolysaccharides (carbohydrates bonded to lipids)

Front 11

Gram staining medical benefits

Back 11

Gram staining is a particularly valuable identification tool in medicine. Among pathogenic, or disease–causing, bacteria, gram–negative species are generally more threatening than gram–positive species. The lipopolysaccharides on the walls of gram–negative bacteria are often toxic, and the outer membrane helps protect these bacteria against the body′s defenses. Furthermore, gram–negative bacteria are commonly more resistant than gram–positive species to antibiotics because the outer membrane impedes entry of the drugs.

Front 12

Antibiotics

Back 12

disrupt bonding between modified sugars and peptide residues. So the gram-positive are more substible to antibiotics because of simpler cell walls (outer being directly affected by antibiotics) wereas the the gram-negative has outer defences to antibiotics (outer no pun intended, outer membranes protect it) also does not effect Euk cells because we dont have peptidoglycan

Front 13

Good use of bacteria

Back 13

-fermentation
-Vitamin synthesis in the intestines vit K
-Digestion(E.Coli)
-cheese, yogurt
-major decomposers in ecosystem,"natural recyclers"
-help with immune system

Front 14

Pathogenic Bacteria

Back 14

Cholera -Bac.disease spread by water
Tetanus - Step on a nail or dog bite
Leprost - skin falls off
TB - Bacillus contact via air
Plant Pathology-Plant disease
(Parasitic*)
12% of crops has Bac. disease

Front 15

ProK movement

Back 15

more like rotary propeler
(Euk. Move by Undulating-how sperm move)

Front 16

Cyanobacteria

Back 16

Photosythetic bacteria, autotrophic,**no chloroplast
-have Chlorophyll and thyllakoids for photosynthesis

Front 17

Gloeocapsa

Back 17

Type of cyanobacteria, Domain bacteria

Front 18

Nostoc

Back 18

have heterocysts for **nitrogen fixation
- breaks down N2 to nitrates, nitriles and amines

Front 19

Extreme Halophilic
(The lover of high salt)

Back 19

Live in the great salt lake in Utah, dead sea

Front 20

Extreme Methanogens

Back 20

Methane Produce
ex swamp gas-Bac. live in deep mud produce CH3

Front 21

Exttreme Thermophiles

Back 21

Thermal Spas, Geysers, Hydro thermalvents- Pyrococcus furiosus

Front 22

Erythrooxylum coca

Back 22

red wood

Front 23

Flagellum

Back 23

Structure of pro/euk is different

Front 24

Obligate Aerobe

Back 24

Needs O2 for growth and metabolism

Front 25

Obligate Anaerobe

Back 25

does not need O2 for growth and metabolism - poisoned by O2

Front 26

Facultative Anaerobic

Back 26

Can go back and forth between needing and not needing O2
Ex. Yeast

Front 27

Cyanobacteria or Blue green algae

Back 27

Ex. Gloeocapsa, Nostoc, Oscillatoria

Front 28

Oscillatoria

Back 28

moving by gliding ot oscillating

Front 29

Nitrogen fixation useful for these plant

Back 29

LAlfafa, peas, beans, modules, Legume
-Genus Rhizobium*