Bio 2 Ch 37

Front 1

essential nutrient

Back 1

required for a plant to grow from a seed and complete its life cycle

Front 2

macronutrients

Back 2

elements required by plants in large amounts

Front 3

micronutrients

Back 3

elements required by plants in small amounts

Front 4

symptoms of mineral deficiencies depend on:

Back 4

role of the nutrient in the plant

its mobility within the plant

Front 5

deficiencies of mobile nutrients appear in older organs

Back 5

first since some are preferentially shunted to growing parts.

Front 6

deficiencies of immobile nutrients affects young parts

Back 6

first b/c older tissues may have adequate reserves

Front 7

what are the most common deficiencies

Back 7

N, K, P

Front 8

soil

Back 8

produced by weathering of soil

living organisms may accelerate the process once they become established

Front 9

horizons

Back 9

distinct soil layers

Front 10

topsoil

Back 10

mixture of decomposing rock of varying texture, living organisms, and humus

Front 11

earthworms

bacteria

Back 11

aerate soil

alter soil composition

Front 12

soil contains

Back 12

bacteria fungi algae, protists insects earthworms nematodes and plant roots

Front 13

humus

Back 13

prevents clay from packing together

builds a crumbly soil that retains water but is still porous for good root aeration

acts as a reservoir for mineral nutrients

Front 14

good soil management is necessary to:

Back 14

maintain soil fertility which might have taken centuries to develop through decomposition and accumulation of organic matter

Front 15

agriculture is:

Back 15

unnatural and depletes the mineral content of soil making it less fertile

Front 16

who uses more water than natural vegetation

Back 16

crops

Front 17

3 important aspects of soil management

Back 17

fertilizers irrigation erosion prevention

Front 18

Fertilizers

Back 18

may be minded chemically produced, or organic

enriched in n p k

Front 19

organic fertilizers are

Back 19

manure fishmeal and compost

Front 20

release minerals

Back 20

more gradually than chemical fertilizers

Front 21

excess minerals from chemical fertilizers may be

Back 21

leached from soil and may pollute streams and lakes

Front 22

irrigation

Back 22

availability of water limits plant growth more than mineral deficiency

Front 23

problems of irrigating arid land

Back 23

huge drain of water resources

can gradually make soil salty and completely infertile

Front 24

solutions for irrigating arid lands

Back 24

use of drip irrigation

developments of plant varieties that require less water or can tolerate more salinity

Front 25

erosion

Back 25

wind and water erode most of the topsoil each year

Front 26

measures to prevent erosion losses

Back 26

row of trees to divide fields act as windbreakers

terracing hillsides help prevent water erosion

planting alfalfa and wheat provide good ground cover and protection

Front 27

plants require:

Back 27

nitrogen to produce proteins, nucleic acids, an other organic molecules.

Front 28

plants cant use

Back 28

nitrogen in gaseous form

Front 29

to be assimilated by plants,

Back 29

nitrogen must be in the form of ammonium or nitrate

Front 30

nitrate is produced in soil by

Back 30

nitrifying bacteria that oxidize ammonium

Front 31

other species of nitrogen-fixing bacteria

Back 31

live symbiotically in plant roots

Front 32

rhizobia

Back 32

symbiotic soil bacteria

Front 33

what is a routine agricultural practice

Back 33

the treating of legume seeds with the proper strain of rhizobia

Front 34

rhizosphere

Back 34

the soil layer that surrounds roots

Front 35

mycorrhizae

Back 35

fungus roots

Front 36

relationship b/w Mycorrhizae fungi w/plant roots

Back 36

help increase the uptake of minerals and water by the roots

Front 37

parasitic plants

Back 37

photosynthetic

only supplement nutrition by using haustoria to obtain xylem sap from their host plant mistletoe

have lost photosynthesis entirely, drawing all nutrients from the host plant by tapping into the phloem dobber

Front 38

epiphytes

Back 38

grow on surface of other plants anchored by roots, not parasitic

nourish themselves from water and minerals absorbed by rain

Spanish moss staghorn ferns

Front 39

carnivorous plants

Back 39

supplement thir mineral nutrition by digesting animals

live in habitats with poor soil conditions

are photosynthetic but obtain N and minerals by killing and digesting insects

insect traps evolve by modification of leaves and are usually equipped with glands that secrete digestive juices.

Front 40

most of the mass of organic material of a plant comes from

Back 40

carbon dioxide

Front 41

micronutrients are needed in very small amounts because

Back 41

most serve mainly as cofactors

Front 42

mycorrhizae enhance plant nutrition mainly by

Back 42

absorbing water and minerals through the fungal hyphae

Front 43

epiphytes are

Back 43

plants that grow on other plants

Front 44

some of the problems associated with intense irrigation include all but

Back 44

over fertilization

Front 45

a mineral deficiency is likely to affect older leaves more than younger leaves if

Back 45

the mineral is very mobile within the plant

Front 46

we would expect the greatest differences in plant health b/w 2 groups of plants of the same species, one group with mycorrhizae and one group without mycorrhizae in an environment

Back 46

in which the soil is relatively deficient in mineral nutrients

Front 47

2 groups of tomatoes grown in a lab one with humus one without. the leaves of the one with out humus were yellowish compared to the one with hummus. Best explanation is

Back 47

the humus contained minerals such as magnesium and iron needed for the synthesis of chlorophyll

Front 48

the specific relationship b/w a legume and its mutualistic Rhizobium strain probably depends on

Back 48

specific recognition b/w the chemical signals and signal receptors of the rhizobium strain and legume species