Bio 2 Exam 3

Front 1

Fungi

Back 1

1)Heterotrophs that absorb nutrients & most are decomposers

2) Composed of hyphae

3) Have cell walls with chitin

4) Some have a dikaryon stage (two nuclei)

5) Undergo mitosis differently than plant and animal mitosis; the nuclear envelope does not break down & mitosis occurs within the nucleus

Front 2

Fungi biology

Back 2

1) External digestion – secretes digestive enzymes into the surroundings & then absorb the nutrients

2) Many can break down cellulose & lignin found in trees & plants

3) Can obtain nutrients from animals

4) Decomposers – break down organic molecules into inorganic molecules for the environment to use

Front 3

Chitin

Back 3

a tough resistant polysaccharide found in cell walls

Front 4

Hyphae

Back 4

cell bodies that are long & slender filaments

Front 5

Mycellium

Back 5

a mass of connected hyphae

Front 6

Septa

Back 6

cross walls that may separate some hyphae, but rarely produce a complete barrier.

Front 7

Coenocytic hyphae

Back 7

cells that lack septa and consist of a continuous cytoplasmic mass having hundred and thousands of nuclei

Front 8

Haustorisa

Back 8

Specialized hyphae that extract nutrients or exchange nutrients with host plant

Front 9

Fungi hyphae have mating types that are called

Back 9

+ and -

Front 10

dikaryon stage

Back 10

The nuclei don’t fuse right away creating a...

Front 11

Hetrokaryotic

Back 11

nuclei are genetically different

Front 12

Homokaryotic

Back 12

nuclei are genetically similar

Front 13

two haploid nuclei fuse to form a diploid nucleus in a process called

Back 13

karyogamy

Front 14

Meiosis restores the haploid condition as spores are produced and germinate into

Back 14

hyphae

Front 15

Fungi can produce spores through ____, and the spores germinate into new ____

Back 15

mitosis, mycelium

Front 16

More closely related to animals than plants, but are more closely related to the protist Nuclearids than animals

Back 16

Fungi

Front 17

Opisthokonts

Back 17

clade that includes animals, fungi, and related protist that all evolved from a unicellular flagellated ancestor.

Front 18

Recent DNA evidence indicates that animals actually share the closest common ancestor to the protist _____

Back 18

Choanaoflagellates

Front 19

Chytridiomycetes

Back 19

Aquatic Fungi with Flagellated Zoospores

Front 20

Closest living relative to the fungal ancestor

Back 20

Chytridiomycetes

Front 21

Zygomycetes

Back 21

Fungi that Produce Zygotes

Front 22

coenocytic

Back 22

hyphae

Front 23

Only group that has motile zoospores

Back 23

Chytridiomycetes

Front 24

Many species, including bread molds and molds found around decaying fruit

Back 24

Zygomycetes

Front 25

Mycorrhizal associations

Back 25

forms branching structure that helps with nurtrient exchange in plants & the plant provides carbohydrates for the fungus

Front 26

It has been hypothesized that this mutualistic relationship made the evolution of terrestrial plants possible

Back 26

Glomeromycetes Asexual plant symbionts

Front 27

Ascomycetes

Back 27

The Sac (Ascus) Fungi

Front 28

Economically Important (i.e. yeast, truffles, etc..) biggest group

Back 28

Ascomycetes

Front 29

Some cause serious plant pathogens

Back 29

Ascomycetes

Front 30

ascus

Back 30

Where sexual reproduction occurs for Ascomycetes

Front 31

Ascomycetes

Back 31

Asexual reproduction occurs in Conidiophores

Front 32

Basidiomycetes

Back 32

The Club (Basidium) Fungi

Front 33

Most familiar fungi (i.e. mushrooms, toadstools, puff balls, shelf fungi, etc…)

Back 33

Basidiomycetes

Front 34

Sexual Reproduction occurs in basidia & secondary mycelium are heterokaryotic

Back 34

Basidiomycetes

Front 35

Many are used for food, but many can be hallucinogenic or deadly.

Back 35

Basidiomycetes

Front 36

Obligatory symbiosis

Back 36

essential survival

Front 37

Facultative symbiosis

Back 37

can survive without relationship

Front 38

Symbiosis Mutualism

Back 38

Both benefit

Front 39

Symbiosis Commensalism

Back 39

one benefits and other does not benefit nor is harmed

Front 40

Symbiosis Parasitism

Back 40

One benefits and other is harmed

Front 41

Pathogen

Back 41

causes a disease

Front 42

Grow in the intercellular spaces of plants

2) Can be parasitism, commensalism, or mutualism

3) Example of Mutualism: Cocoa plants with endophytes had less leaf damage from the protist pathogen

Back 42

Endophytes

Front 43

Lichen

Back 43

1) Composed of fungi and photosynthetic algae or cyanobacteria

2) Most often it is a mutualistic relationship, where the photosynthetic organism gives the fungus carbohydrates and the fungus protect them from strong light or desiccation

Front 44

Mychorrhizae

Back 44

Mutualism: plant absorbs more minerals and the fungus obtains carbohydrates from the plant

Front 45

1)Tripartite symbiosis – involving three organisms

2) Leaf cutter ants bring leaves to the fungus to eat and protect them from pathogens while the fungus is the ants’ food source.

Back 45

Symbiosis with Animals

Front 46

Mycosis

Back 46

infection caused by a fungal parasite

Front 47

Chitridmycosis

Back 47

fungal infection from the chytrid batrachochyrtrium dedrobatidis (BD) that is causing the decline in populations and extinction of amphibian species

Front 48

Heterotrophs

Back 48

must ingest other organisms for nutrition

Front 49

Internal digestion

Back 49

use enzymes within their body to digest food

Front 50

Collagen

Back 50

most abundant protein that provide structural support

Front 51

Tissues

Back 51

groups of cells that have a common structure, function or both

Front 52

morula (reproduction/development)

Back 52

solid ball of cells. zygote > morula

Front 53

blastula

Back 53

hollow ball of cells. morula > blastula

Front 54

blastopspore

Back 54

hollow sac with an opening at one end. when blastula folds inward at one point.

Front 55

Archenteron

Back 55

primitive gut

Front 56

gastrula

Back 56

stage the embryo has a primitive gut (Archentron) that forms

Front 57

Asymmetry

Back 57

no symmetry (sponges)

Front 58

Radial symmetry

Back 58

parts of the body are arranged around a central axis in such a way that any plane passing through the central axis divides the organisms into halves that are mirror images.

Front 59

Bilateral symmetry

Back 59

body has a right and left half that are mirror images. Although echinoderms exhibit radial symmetry in their adult stage, the larval stage exhibits bilateral symmetry. led to the evolution of cephalization (definite brain area)

Front 60

Germ Layers

Back 60

Diploblast, Triploblast

Front 61

Diploblast

Back 61

Having two germ layers. found in radial animals

(Ectoderm, Endoderm)

Front 62

Triploblast

Back 62

three germ layers. found in bilateral animals.

(Ectoderm, endoderm, Mesoderm)

Front 63

Acoelomate

Back 63

no body cavity because the space between the endoderm and mesoderm is filled with cells and organic material

Front 64

Pseudocoelomate

Back 64

have a body cavity called the pseudocoel located between the mesoderm and endoderm.

Front 65

Coelomate

Back 65

a fluid-filled body cavity that develops entirely within the mesoderm

Front 66

Protostomes Cleavage pattern

Back 66

Spiral

Front 67

Deuterostomes cleavage pattern

Back 67

Radial

Front 68

Protostomes embryonic cell fate

Back 68

Determinate

Front 69

Deuterostomes embryonic cell fate

Back 69

Indeterminate

Front 70

Protostomes Blastospore fate

Back 70

Mouth

Front 71

Deuterostomes blastospore fate

Back 71

Anus

Front 72

Protostomes Coelom Formation

Back 72

Simple & Direct

Front 73

Deuterostomes Coelom formation

Back 73

More complex

Front 74

Ecdysozoans

Back 74

animals that undergo ecdysis, shedding of their old exoskeleton.

Front 75

Lophotrochozoans

Back 75

animals that have a fan of ciliated tentacles surround the mouth

Front 76

Porifera
Cnidaria
Platyhelmenthis
Rotifera
Ectoprocts
Brachipods

Back 76

Invertobrates

Front 77

Invertobrate Phylogeny

Back 77

Front 78

Parazoa – no true tissue

Assymetrical

Free swimming larva, but sessile adult

Suspension feeders – capture food particles suspended in the water that passes through their body (filter feeders)

Reproduces asexually & sexually

Back 78

Porifera

Front 79

Spongocoel – central cavity

Ostia – small pores water flows in

Osculum – large opening water flows out

Choanocytes – collar cells that engulf food particles by phagocytosis

Ambeocytes – cells that transport nutrients, produces materials (i.e. spicules), or become any type of cell as needed
Spicule – skeletal fibers that the mesohyl its structure

Back 79

Porifera

Front 80

Spongocoel

Back 80

central cavity

Front 81

Ostia

Back 81

small pores water flows in

Front 82

Choanocytes

Back 82

collar cells that engulf food particles by phagocytosis

Front 83

Ambeocytes

Back 83

cells that transport nutrients, produces materials (i.e. spicules), or become any type of cell as needed

Front 84

Spicule

Back 84

skeletal fibers that the mesohyl its structure

Front 85

Asexual Reproduction
fragmentation – a fragment of the parent breaks off and forms a new sponge.
Budding – a new organism develops from an outgrowth due to cell division at one particular site
Gemmules – a mass of cells or “pod” that can develop into a new individual.
Sexual Reproduction
Hermaphrodites – individual functions as both male and female
Sequential hermaphrodites –function first as one sex and then as the other

Back 85

Porifera Reproduction

Front 86

fragmentation

Back 86

a fragment of the parent breaks off and forms a new sponge

Front 87

Budding

Back 87

a new organism develops from an outgrowth due to cell division at one particular site

Front 88

Gemmules

Back 88

a mass of cells or “pod” that can develop into a new individua

Front 89

Sequential hermaphrodites

Back 89

function first as one sex and then as the other

Front 90

Radial Symmetry

Diploblast

Incomplete gut – one opening for mouth and anus
Mouth/anus opening surrounded by tenatacles.
Two forms:
-Polyp – sessile
-Medusa – free-swimming
No brain, but have a non-centralized nerve net t detect stimuli
Cnidocytes

Back 90

Cnidaria

Front 91

Incomplete gut

Back 91

one opening for mouth and anus

Front 92

Polyp

Back 92

sessile form

Front 93

medusa

Back 93

free swimming form

Front 94

Cnidocytes

Back 94

specialized cells on tentacles and body surfaces

Front 95

Nematocyst

Back 95

a structure within cnidocyte that contain a small powerful harpoon that may be barbed or contain a toxin

Front 96

Asexual Reproduction
- Budding
Sexual Reproduction
Depending on species can be:
Polyp only
Medusa only
Alternate between the two
Separate Sexes
Planula – free-swimming ciliated larva

Back 96

Cnidaria

Front 97

Cnidaria Clades

Back 97

Hydrozoans, Scyphozoans, Cubozoans, Anthozoans

Front 98

Hydrozoans

Back 98

Cnidaria clade. alternate between polyp and medusa stage

Front 99

Scyphozoans

Back 99

Cnidaria clade. umbrella-shaped medusa stage is predominant

Front 100

Cubozoans

Back 100

Cnidaria clade.box-shaped medusa stage, highly toxic

Front 101

Anthozoans

Back 101

Cnidaria clade. sea anemones and corals only have polyp stage

Front 102

Identified by molecular data

Name comes from two characteristics that not all members have:
-Lophophore
-Trochophore larvae

Back 102

Clade Lophotrochozoans

Front 103

Lophophore

Back 103

tentacles around the mouth that feed

Front 104

Trochophore larvae

Back 104

a type of free-swimming planktonic marine larva with several bands of cilia

Front 105

Platyhelmenthis

Back 105

flatworms

Front 106

Flattened dorsoventrally
Triploblast, but are acoelomates
Incomplete gut – one opening
Respiration is done through diffusion across body surface
Protonephridia – excretory structure that maintains osmotic balance
Lack circulatory system
Hermaphroditic

Back 106

Platyhelmenthis

Front 107

Protonephridia

Back 107

excretory structure that maintains osmotic balance

Front 108

Free-living in aquatic ecosystems (not parasitic)
Prey on smaller or dead animals
Move via cilia on ventral surface
More complex nervous system:
Eyespots & lateral flaps – detect chemicals
Ganglia – clump of nerve cells at anterior end
Ventral nerve cords – runs from ganglia down the body

Back 108

Planarians. Clade of Platyhelmenthis

Front 109

Larvae penetrate skin of human and go into blood vessels.

Fluke reproduces sexually in human. (human is determinant host)

Human feces release eggs which develop into ciliated larva.

Larva enter the snail and reproduce asexually and result in motile larva entering the water. (intermediate host)

Back 109

Trematodes. Clade of Platyhelmenthis

Front 110

Scolex – structure that allows them to attach to their host (that may have hooks or suckers) and absorb food through their epithelium.
Proglottids – a series of repetitive sections that actively grow at the base of neck.
Not a segmented worm

Back 110

Cestodes. clade of platyhelmenthis

Front 111

Scolex

Back 111

structure that allows them to attach to their host (that may have hooks or suckers) and absorb food through their epithelium.

Front 112

Proglottids

Back 112

a series of repetitive sections that actively grow at the base of neck

Front 113

Very small (50um – 2mm), aquatic animals
Psuedocoelomate
Corona – ciliated structure used for locomotion and food-gathering.
Complex jaw that breaks down food
Complete gut with one-way direction
Alimentary canal – digestive tube with two openings

Back 113

Rotifers

Front 114

Corona

Back 114

ciliated structure used for locomotion and food-gathering

Front 115

Alimentary canal

Back 115

digestive tube with two openings

Front 116

Asexual reproduction
Parthenogenesis – females produce more females from unfertilized eggs
Sexual reproduction
Females produce two types of eggs: male or female egg
Males fertilize the egg and often die after fertilization (Semelparous)
Embryo can go into dormant stage for years

Back 116

Rotifera Reproduction

Front 117

Parthenogenesis

Back 117

females produce more females from unfertilized eggs

Front 118

Two Lophophorate Phyla

Back 118

Ectoprocts, Brachiopods

Front 119

Ectoprocts

Back 119

small, colonial, sessile animals that are encased in a hard exoskeleton

Front 120

Brachiopods

Back 120

marine animals that have a dorsal and ventral shell

Front 121

Extremely Diverse
Internal Organs
Visceral mass – the internal area in which the digestive, excretory, and reproductive organs are concentrated
Nephridia – a special type of excretory structure that removes nitrogenous waste
Foot – muscular structure used for locomotion or capturing prey.
Mantle – thick epidermal sheet that covers the dorsal side of the body and forms a cavity in which the respiratory organs are housed along with openings for systems within the visceral mass
Ctenidia – respiratory gills that consist of filamentous projections of the mantle that are rich in blood vessels.
Shells – are secreted by the mantle & used for protection
Pen – remnant of shell located internally in Caphalopods
Radula – a rasping, tongue-like organ with microscopic chittinous teeth used for feeding.
Circulatory System :
Most mollusks have an open circulatory system, in which the blood enters the cavity and mixes with tissue fluid
Cephalopods have a closed circulatory system, in which blood is physically seperated from the tissue fluid

Back 121

Mollusca

Front 122

Visceral mass

Back 122

the internal area in which the digestive, excretory, and reproductive organs are concentrated

Front 123

Nephridia

Back 123

a special type of excretory structure that removes nitrogenous waste

Front 124

Foot

Back 124

muscular structure used for locomotion or capturing prey.

Front 125

Mantle

Back 125

thick epidermal sheet that covers the dorsal side of the body and forms a cavity in which the respiratory organs are housed along with openings for systems within the visceral mass

Front 126

Ctenidia

Back 126

respiratory gills that consist of filamentous projections of the mantle that are rich in blood vessels.

Front 127

are secreted by the mantle & used for protection

Back 127

shells

Front 128

Pen

Back 128

remnant of shell located internally in Caphalopods

Front 129

Radula

Back 129

a rasping, tongue-like organ with microscopic chittinous teeth used for feeding

Front 130

Which phylum's reproduction varies? Most have separate sexes, but some are hermaphroditic. Most have external fertilization, while some have internal fertilization.

Back 130

Mollusca reproduction

Front 131

Trochophore

Back 131

free-swimming larvae

Front 132

Veliger

Back 132

2nd free-swimming larvae found in gastropods (snails and slugs).

Front 133

Polyplacophora

Back 133

Mollusca class. chitons are marine mollusks that have oval bodies with 8 overlapping dorsal calcareous plates

Front 134

Gastropoda

Back 134

Mollusca class. slugs and snails, which can be marine, freshwater, or terrestrial

Front 135

Torsion

Back 135

a process by which the mantle cavity and anus are moved from a posterior location to front of the body closer to where the mouth is located. This causes gastropods to not be bilateral, because torsion often leads to the reduction or disappearance of some of the left organs.

Front 136

Bivalves

Back 136

Mollusca class. Clams, scallops, oysters, and mussels that have two lateral shells

Front 137

Cephalopods

Back 137

Mollusca class. Octopuses, squid, cuttlefish, & nautiluses

Front 138

Have highly developed nervous systems & exhibit complex patterns of behavior.

Expel water through a siphon for jet propulsion movement.

Many have an ink sack that can be expelled through their anus to confuse predators.

Many can change color to camouflage themselves.

Back 138

Cephalopoda

Front 139

Segmentation

Back 139

the building of a body from a series of similar segments or repeated units that are separated by septa

Front 140

Annelida

Back 140

Many kinds of marine worms

Front 141

Parapodia

Back 141

fleshy, paired, paddle-like lateral projections on most of the segments

Front 142

Separate sexes with external fertilization

Back 142

Polychaetes

Front 143

Oligeochaetes

Back 143

Class of Annelida. Earthworms and Leaches

Front 144

Earthworm Reproduction

Back 144

Hermaphroditic and they receive and expel sperm at the same time

Front 145

clitellum

Back 145

secretes a mucus which holds the worms together during copulation and creates a cocoon where fertilization occurs

Front 146

Leeches

Back 146

Annelida class.

Front 147

Ecdysis

Back 147

molting out cuticle layer as they grow

Front 148

Unsegmented worms covered by a flexible, thick cuticle.
Abundant and found in diverse habitats
Longitudinal musculature - muscles extend along the length of the body, which pull against both the cuticle and the pseudocoel.
Lack respiratory system and exchange gas through their cuticles.
Posses well developed digestive system.
Stylets – piercing organs near the mouth
Active hunters preying on protist or parasitic
Sexual reproduction with separate sexes

Back 148

Nematoda

Front 149

Trichinella

Back 149

undercooked pork & infects muscles

Front 150

Pinworms

Back 150

parasites found in human rectums

Front 151

Ascaris

Back 151

parasites found in intestines

Front 152

Filariasis

Back 152

live in lymphatic system and caused by several species of roundworms

Front 153

Arthropoda

Back 153

Most abundant with over a million species

Front 154

Tagmata

Back 154

segments have become specialized into groups

Front 155

Compound Eye

Back 155

is composed of thousands of independent visual units called ommatidia, with each one containing a lens, retinular cells, and a nerve fiber

Front 156

Chelicerates

Back 156

spiders, scorpions, mites, & ticks

Front 157

chelicerae

Back 157

Mouthparts. (fangs or pincers)

Front 158

Myriapods

Back 158

Centipedes and Millipedes

Front 159

Hexapoda

Back 159

insects

Front 160

Crustaceans

Back 160

crab, shrimp, lobsters, crayfish, barnacles, water fleas

Front 161

Deuterostomia

Back 161

Defined by having deuterostome development.

Two Phyla:
Echinoderms
Chordata

Front 162

Body plan
Larva – Bilateral
Adult – Pentaradial

Endoskeleton – composed of either movable or fixed calcium-rich plates called ossicles

Water Vascular System – used for locomotion

Regeneration & Reproduction:
Asexual – regeneration
Sexual – external with separate sexes

Back 162

Echinodermata

Front 163

Madroporite pore

Back 163

Echinoderm water vascular system. Opening in which water enters into water-vascular

Front 164

Tube feet

Back 164

Echinoderm water vascular system. extension of the water-vascular system that allows for suction

Front 165

Ampulla

Back 165

Echinoderm water vascular system. Muscular sac at the base of each tube foot, that controls the water movement and thus locomotion

Front 166

Five Extant Classes of Echinoderms

Back 166

1) Asteroidea – Sea Star

2) Holothuoidea – Sea cucumbers

3) Echinodea – Sea urchins & sand dollars

4) Crinoidea – Sea lilies & feather stars

5) Ophiuroidea – Brittle stars

Front 167

Asteroidea

Back 167

Echinoderms phylum. sea star

Front 168

Holothuoidea

Back 168

Echinoderms phylum. sea cucumbers

Front 169

Echinodea

Back 169

Echinoderms phylum. Sea urchins & sand dollars

Front 170

Crinoidea

Back 170

Echinoderms phylum. Sea lilies & feather stars

Front 171

Ophiuroidea

Back 171

Echinoderms phylum. Brittle stars

Front 172

Chordata

Back 172

Single, hollow nerve cord that runs just beneath the dorsal surface of the animal. In vertebrates, this differentiates into the brain and spinal cord.

Front 173

Notochord

Back 173

a flexible rod that forms on the dorsal side of the primitive gut in the early embryo & is present at some developmental stage in all chordates. In vertebrates, this is replaced by the spinal column that surrounds the nerve cord.

Front 174

23 species of small, scaleless marine organisms
Their skin lacks pigment and only have a single layer of cells
No distinguishable head
Pharyngeal slits used for filter-feeding and respiration occurs through skin.

Back 174

Cephalochordata (Lancelet)

Front 175

1250 marine species
Only larva have all four chordate characteristics
Adult are sessile, have no major body cavity, nor segmentation

Back 175

Urochordata

Front 176

Craniata

Back 176

chordates with a head

Front 177

Two or more sets of Hox genes
Neural crest – a collection of cells that appears near the dorsal margins of the closing neural tube in an embryo.
Myomeres are w-shaped
True heart with at least two chambers
Red blood cells with hemoglobin
Kidneys that remove waste products

Back 177

Clade Craniata of phylum Chordata

Front 178

Hagfish

Back 178

Class Myxini

Front 179

Have a skull made of cartilage, but lack vertebrae

Agnathan – no jaws

Small brain, eyes, ears, and one nasal opening

Bottom-dwelling scavengers

Slime glands produces large amounts of slime

Back 179

Hagfish. Class Myxini

Front 180

Vertebrata

Back 180

Clade of Chrodata.

Front 181

More extensive skull & vertebral column.

Dlx family genes – a group of transcription factor genes resulting from gene duplication.

In aquatic vertebrates, fins evolved.

More efficient gas exchange in the gills.

Back 181

Vertebrata

Front 182

Agnathan

Back 182

Jawless fish

Front 183

Petromyzontidea's Arcualia

Back 183

primitive cartilaginous elements that are the precursor to true vertebrae

Front 184

Gnathostomata

Back 184

True jaw that evolved from the skeletal rods that supported the anterior gill slit

Front 185

True jaw that evolved from the skeletal rods that supported the anterior gill slit. Additional duplication of Hox genes

Back 185

Clade Gnathostomata

Front 186

Chondrichthyes:

Back 186

Sharks, skates, rays, ratfish. Tesserate (or prismatic) endoskeleton mineralization – a condition in which the superficial layers of cartilage have deposits of crystalline calcium

Front 187

Pelvic clasper

Back 187

male intromittent structure used in reproduction

Front 188

Includes bony fish & tetrapods.

Endochondrial bone – ossified endoskeleton with a hard matrix of calcium phosphate.

Aquatic Osteichthyes
Operculum – bony flap that protects gills

Back 188

Osteichthyes

Front 189

Actinopterygii

Back 189

Extremely diverse (over 27,000 species)

Ray – finned fish – named for bony rays that support their fins.

Front 190

Sarcopterygii

Back 190

Lobed-finned fish – named for their lobed fins that have muscles and bones that are the precursor to tetrapod forearms.

Front 191

Four limbs with digits

Atlas – vertebrae that connects skull to vertebral column allowing the head to move up and down.

Pelvic girdle is fused to backbone.

No gills and more efficient lungs.

Back 191

Tetrapods

Front 192

Cutaneous respiration – breathing through skin.

Three-chambered heart for more efficient circulatory system.

Back 192

Amphibia

Front 193

Amphibia

Back 193

Three orders:
Apoda – Caecillians
Urodela – Salamanders
Anurans – Frogs and toads
Complete metamorphosis – a different morphology between larva and adult stage.

Front 194

Amniotic Egg – an egg that has extra membranes to reduce dehydration.

Egg shell – another protective layer that reduces desiccation

Thoracic breathing – contraction of the intercostal muscles to pull air into the lungs.

Back 194

Amniotes

Front 195

Amniotes

Back 195

Turtles, lizards, birds

Front 196

Clade Reptilia

Back 196

Production of uric acid

Temperature-dependent sex determination (TDSD)

Hard (beta) Keratin

Front 197

Chelonia

Back 197

Shell comprised of bone & keratin

Teeth absent

Vertebrae fused to shell

Front 198

Clade Diapsida

Back 198

group of organisms in which the skull is comprised of two temporal fenestra

Front 199

Covered by scales that are impermeable to water.
Transverse cloaca
Tail autotomy

Back 199

Clade reptilia

Front 200

Archosauria

Back 200

Four-chambered heart completely separates oxygenated and deoxygenated blood.

Parental care

Front 201

Crocodylian

Back 201

Clade Archosauria.

Laterally compressed tail

Dorsal nostrils

Secondary palate

Front 202

Aves

Back 202

Clade Archosauria.

Pneumatic bones – bones with air-filled spaces

Fused bones

Wings for flight

Feathers – are modified reptilian scales that have 2 evolutionary advantages:
Provides lift for flight
Conserves heat to enable endothermy

Front 203

Synapsids – one temporal fenestra in skull
Mammary glands produce milk for young
Hair or fur used for endothermy & protection.
Diaphragm for more efficient respiration
Four-chambered heart
Differentiated teeth
Middle ear consists of 3 bones:
Stapes
Incus
Malleus

Back 203

Mammaila

Front 204

3 orders of Mammalia

Back 204

Monotremes, Marsupials, Eutherians

Front 205

Marsupials

Back 205

gives birth to a very young embryo that continues to grow in the brood pouch (marsupium).

Front 206

Eutherians

Back 206

gestation occurs mostly in mother and has more complex placenta.

Front 207

Grasping Fingers & Toes – that enable them to grip limbs, seize food, and use tools. Opposable thumb evolved in some of these primates, which further allowed for more efficient grasping

Binocular Vision – occurred from the eyes being shifted to the front of the face allowing for the brain to judge distance precisely.

Back 207

Primates

Front 208

Monotremes

Back 208

lay eggs and does not have nipples