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51 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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inferior
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below
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superior
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above
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anterior
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towards the front
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posterior
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towards the back
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ventral
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towards the front
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dorsal
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towards the back
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proximal
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closes to the ponit of attachment (shoulder, hip)
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distal
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farthest from the point of attachment
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lateral
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away from the middle
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medial
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towards the middle
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superficial
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towards/on the surface
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2 points of attachment
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pectoral girdle (shoulder)
pelvic girdle (hip) |
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positive feedback
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does not maintain homeostatic environment; never returns to the set point, but deviation keeps increasing
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deep
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below the surface
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negative feedback
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deviation from the set point is brought back to normal range
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positive feedback examples
(good and bad) |
bad: excessive blood loss
good: child labor/delivery |
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negative feedback examples
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body temperature, blood pressure, heart rate
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3 components of negative feedback
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receptor, control center, effector
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receptor
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monitors value of the variable
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control center
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establishes the set point
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effector
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changes the value of the variable
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normal range
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values close to a set point
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set point
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ideal value for a variable
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homeostasis
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existence and maintenance of a relatively constant internal environment (conditions must stay within a narrow set of limits)
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variables for a set point
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blood pressure, body temp, heart rate, blood pH
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hyperplasia
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increase in cell number
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hypertrophy
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increase in cell size
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atrophy
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decrease in cell size
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anatomical position
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point of reference
body upright, feet apart, arms not touching sides, palms facing out |
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6 characteristics of life
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organization, metabolism, responsiveness, growth, differentiation, reproduction
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organization
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composed of cells
different parts of organism are related to one another |
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metabolism
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ability to use energy to function
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responsiveness
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ability to sense change
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growth
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increase in cell number, cell size, or teh substance surrounding the cell (extracellular matrix)
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differentiation
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changes in cell structure or function from generalized to specialized
ex: stem cell to blood cell |
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reproduction
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formation of new cells/organisms
without this, growth and tissue repair are impossible |
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7 levels of structural functional organization
(largest to smallest) |
organism, organ system, organ, tissue, cell, organelle, chemical
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chemical
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interactions among molecules into atoms
*subcellular: enzymes, lipids, proteins |
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organelle
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small structure in cell forming 1+ functions
*subcellular: mitochondria, nucleus, rough endo reticulum |
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cell
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basic living untis of all plants and animals
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tissue
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group of cells with substance between them
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4 types of tissue
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epithelial, connective, muscular, nervous
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organs
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made of 2 or more tissue types that perform functions.
ex: skin, stomach, eye, heart |
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organ system
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group of organs classified as a unit from common functions; 11 major systems. necessary for function
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organism
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any living thing considered as a whole with at least one cell
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regional anatomy
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organization of body by areas
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surface anatomy
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external features
1. body projections 2. use of x-rays, ultrasound 3. useful in diagnosing disease |
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physiology
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study of nature . the structures are dynamic (changing)
1. explains body's response to stimuli 2. bodys maintenance to conditions wiht continually changing environment |
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physiology's 2 secitons
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organisms involved
levels of organization within organism |
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anatomy
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to dissect
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systemic anatomy
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sutdy of systems in body
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