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40 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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The Functions of Blood |
Transporting oxygen, nutrients, waste, co2, and hormones Regulates body temperature and ph Fights against pathogens |
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The Composition of Blood |
Formed elements and plasma |
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Formed Elements of Blood |
Red Blood Cells/Erythrocytes White Blood Cells/Leukocytes Platelets |
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3 Major Types of Plasma Proteins |
Albumins Globulins Fibrinogens |
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Albumins |
the most abundant plasma protein and is important for establishing the osmotic pressure and also for transportation |
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Globulins |
serve as antibodies when exposed to hepatitits |
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Fibrinogen |
aid in the proper clotting of blood when activated |
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Where do the formed elements come from? |
from multipotent stem cells |
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Production of Red Blood Cells |
formed in red bone marrow has a lifespan of about 120 days erythropoietin is excreted by kidney cells and move to red marrow when oxygen levels are low old red blood cells are destroyed by the liver and spleen |
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Blood Doping |
any method of increasing red blood cells to increase athletic performance allows for a more efficient delivery of blood and reducing of fatigue epo is injected into a person's mouth months prior to an athletic event can cause blood to thicken, which can be cause for a heart attack and death |
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Disorders that Involve Red Blood Cells |
Anemia Sickle-Cell Disease Hemolytic Disease of the Newborn |
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Anemia |
a condition in which a person has an insufficient number of red blood cells orthe cells do not have enough hemoglobin and has a tired, run-down feeling |
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Sickle-Cell Disease |
a hereditary condition in which theindividual has sickle-shaped red blood cells that tendto rupture as they pass through the narrow capillaries |
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Hemolysis |
a condition with incompatible blood types that leads to rupturing of the blood cells in a baby before and continuing after birth |
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White Blood Cells
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derived from red bone marrow large blood cells that have a nucleus fight infection and are an important part of the immune system some live days and others live months or years |
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What are the two classifications of white blood cells? |
granular and agranular |
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Granular Leukocytes |
contain noticeable granules and lobed neuclei types include neutrophils, eosinophils, and basophils |
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Agranular Leukocytes |
have no granules and do not have lobed nuclei types include lymphocytes and monocytes |
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Basophil |
Small Percentage of white blood cells contain a u-shaped or lobed nucleus release histamine related to allergic reactions |
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Lymphocytes |
about 25%-35% of all white blood cells has a large nucleus that takes up most of the cytoplasm develop into the b and t cells that are important to the immune system |
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Monocytes |
Relatively uncommon white blood cells Largest white blood cell with horseshoe-shaped nucleus take residence in tissues and develop into macrophages, which use phagocytosis to engulf pathogens |
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Disorders that Involve White Blood Cells |
Severe Combined Immunodeficiency Disease (SCID) Leukemia Infectious Mononucleosis |
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Severe Combined Immunodeficiency Disease (SCID) |
an inherited disease in which stem cells of WBC's lack that allows them to fight any infection |
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Leukemia |
a group of cancers in that affect white blood cells in which cells proliferate without control |
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Infectious Mononucleosis |
also known as the kissing disease, occurs when the Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) infects lymphocytes resulting in fatigue, sore throat, and swollen lymph nodes |
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Platelets |
made of fragments of large cells called megakaryocytes made in the red bone marrow about 200 billion are made per day function in blood clotting |
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How do platelets clot blood? |
1. blood vessel is punctured 2. platelets congregate and form a plug 3. platelets and damaged tissue cells release activator which initiates a cascade of enzymatic reactions 4. fibrin threads form and trap red blood cells |
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Disorders that Involve Platelets |
Thrombocytopenia Thromboembolism Hemophilia |
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Thrombocytopenia |
a disorder in which the numberofplatelets is too low due to not enough being made in thebone marrow or the increased breakdown outside themarrow |
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Thromboembolism |
when a clot forms and breaks offfrom its site of origin and plugs another vessel |
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Hemophilia |
a genetic disorder that results in adeficiency of a clotting factor so that when a persondamages a blood vessel they are unable to properly clottheir blood both internally and externally |
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Antigen |
a foreign substance, often apolysaccharide or a protein, that stimulates animmune response |
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Antibody |
proteins made in response to anantigen in the body and bind to that antigen |
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Blood Transfusion |
transfer of blood from oneindividual into another individual |
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What determines the A, B, AB or O bloodtype? |
Presence and/or absenceof 2 blood antigens, Aand B Type of antibodiespresent
Antibodies are onlypresent for those antigenlacking on the cellsbecause these proteinsrecognize and bind theprotein they are namedafter |
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How are blood types named? |
Blood types are named after the protein antigens that arepresent on the surface of their cell, except type O thatentirely lacks A and B proteins Blood types only have antibodies to antigens they do nothave on the surface of their cells For example: Type A blood– Have A proteins on its surface – Has B antibodies |
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What is the Rh factor? |
The Rh factor is often included when expressing a blood type by naming it positive or negative
People with the Rh factor are positive and people without it are negative Rh antibodies only develop in a person whenthey are exposed to the Rh factor fromanother’s blood (usually a fetus) |
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When is the Rh factor important? |
During pregnancy under these conditions: – Mom:Rh- – Dad:Rh+ – Fetus:Rh+ (possible with the parents above) In this case above some Rh+ blood can leak from thefetus to the mother during birth causing the mother tomake Rh antibodies This can be a problem if the mother has a second fetusthat is Rh+ because she now has antibodies that canleak across the placenta and attack the fetus. This is known as hemolytic disease of the newborn that can lead to mental retardation and even death |
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How can hemolytic disease of thenewborn be prevented? |
Rh- women are given an injection of anti-Rh antibodiesno later than 72 hours after birth to an Rh+ baby These antibodies attack fetal red blood cells in themother before the mother’s immune system can makeantibodies This will have to be repeated if an Rh- mother hasanother Rh+ baby in case she has later pregnancies |
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What is the normal pH of blood? |
about 7.4 7.6 = alkalosis |
