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104 Cards in this Set
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- Back
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ARTHROPODA (animalia) |
Insects, spider, crustacean Exoskeleton made of chiton/ jointed appendages Greatest # of different species |
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ECHINODERMATA (animalia) |
Sea stars, sea cucumbers, and sea urchins |
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CHRODATA (animalia) |
Have a Nota cord (dorsal tube sight for muscle attachments) |
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OSTEICHTHYES (chrodata) |
Bony fish- bass, marlin, tuna |
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CHONDRICHTYES (chordata) |
Fish w/ skeletons made of cartlidge Sharks & rays |
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AMPHIBIA (chrodata) |
Frogs, salamanders Lay eggs on water, live life on land |
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REPTILIA (chrodata) |
Snakes, lizards, turtles, crocodile
Some of first to adapt to live on land Development was shelled egg |
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AVES (chordata) |
Birds Really reptiles, feathers and flight make them unique |
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MAMMALIA (Chrodata) |
Dogs, kangaroos, monkeys, humans Major adaptations = hair and mammary glands (produce milk) |
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ANNELIDA (animalia) |
Earthworms, leeches Repeating body segments |
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MOLUSCA (animalia) |
Snails, clams, octopus, squid Has a foot and radula |
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NEMATODA (Animalia) |
Roundworms Every 3 to 4 ppl |
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PLATYHELMINTHES (animalia) |
Flatworms Harmless free swimming planaria to destructive parasites like tapeworms |
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CNIDARIA (animalia) |
Jellyfish, anemone Stinging cells called nematocysts |
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PORIFERA (animalia) |
Sponges No organs/tissues |
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animalia |
Multicellular eukaryotic Eat other organisms |
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Fungi |
Multicellular eukaryotic that absorb nutrients |
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Saprobes |
Absorb nutrients through dead or dying material |
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Angiosperms |
All flowering plants Vascular system, produce seeds, produce flowers/fruits Allow seeds to be dispersed at greater distances |
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Gymnosperms |
Conifers, ginkos Vascular system and produce seeds Seeds lack ovaries (naked seeds) |
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Pteridophytes |
Fern Vascular systems, do not produce seeds |
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Bryophytes |
Mosses Do not have Vascular systems and do not produce seeds |
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Plantae |
Multicellular eukaryotic Use photosynthesis for energy |
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paramecium (protist) |
Common protist Moves using cilia |
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Dinoflagelates |
Extremely important part of food chain Red tide |
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Plamodium (protist) |
Causes malaria |
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Euglena (protist) |
Inhabitant of pond water This photosynthesizing organism is important part of food chain |
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Protista |
Single cellular eukaryotic Many different types of locomotive (flagella, cilia, pseudopedia) Energy acquiring methods (autotrophs, heterotrophs) Live in many different environments |
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Eubacteria (bacteria) |
Single cellular prokaryotic Common bacteria |
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Thermophiles |
Bacteria that lives in high temperature environments |
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Halophiles (archaea) |
"Salt loving" Live in high salt environment |
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Methanogens (archaea) |
Live in swamps, sewage and animal guts Produce methane gas |
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Archaebacteria (archaea) |
Single cellular prokaryotic Live in extreme environment |
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Domain: |
Bacteria Archaea Eukarya |
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Hybrid breakdown |
Reduced viability or fertility of offspring First generation may be fine but continued mating results in the offspring being very infertile |
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Reduced hybrid fertility (postzygotic) |
Hybrids usually infertile Horse + donkey = sterile mule |
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Reduced hybrid viability (postzygotic) |
Genetic incompatibility |
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Postzygotic barriers occur |
After fusing of the egg with the sperm but barriers exist after fertilization to prevent development into a viable and fertile adult |
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Gametic isolation (prezygotic) |
Zygote can't form after sperm and egg meet |
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Mechanical Isolation (prezygotic) |
Anatomical incompatibility |
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Temporal isolation (prezygotic) |
Occurs when related species mate at different times of the year (One skunk mates in late summer, other in late winter) |
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Behavioral isolation (prezygotic) |
Occurs when a specific behavior or lack of one prevents reproduction from taking place Ex: courtship rituals |
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Prezygotic barriers cause |
Difficulty in mating or prevent the fertilization of ova if members of different species try to mate |
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Mutation |
Change in an organisms DNA Introduces new genetic variation Does not have allele frequencies quickly |
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Genetic drift |
Change in allele frequencies due to chance Reduces genetic variation; can eliminate alleles |
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Natural selection |
Survival of the fittest Ex: pesticide resistant insects, drug resistant viruses (HIV) and bacteria Homologous structures and vestigial organs |
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Cenozoic (animals) |
Humans, major glaciations, ape like humans, angiosperms, primates, grasslands, modern birds and mammals diversify |
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Bilateral symmetry |
Only one plane of symmetry Left and right halves of an animal are mirror images |
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Radial symmetry |
Multiple planes of symmetry Body parts (rays) arranged around a central disk |
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Coelem |
Lined body cavity |
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Radula |
Tongue like organ with chitinous ornamentation |
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Lichen |
Fungus with a photosynthetic algae or bacterium that benefits both partners |
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Segmented body plan |
In annelids where the internal and external morphological features are repeated in each body segment |
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Cenozoic era |
Continued breakup of Pangea Changes in land mass, climates and adaptive zones Present: land masses favors biodiversity |
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Paleocene epoch (cenozoic) |
Climates wetter and warmer allowing forrests to extend further north and south |
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Eocene epoch ( cenozoic) |
Continued warming causing emergence of assorted mammals in new habitats |
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Oligocene- Pliocene epoch ( cenozoic) |
Great number of grazing animals thrived in the woodlands and grasslands |
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Mesozoic Era 1: cretaceous epoch |
Pangea begins to break apart favoring species divergence and separation Flowering plants, insects and reptiles Global temp rose 25° that led to proliferation of photosynthetic organisms |
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Mesozoic Era: 2 triassic epoch |
First small turkey sized dinosaurs evolved from reptilian lineage Ended with huge dinos |
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Mesozoic Era 3: jurassic epoch |
Another mass extinction from an asteroid or comet |
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Species dispersion patterns |
Show spatial relationship btwn members of a population within a habitat at a particular point in time |
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Uniform dispersion |
Observed in plants that secrete substances inhibiting the growth of nearby individuals ( release of toxic chemicals by sage plant Salvia leucophylla known as allelopathy) And in animals like the penguin that maintain a defined territory |
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Punctuated equilibrium |
Model for rapid selection that can occur when an event causes a small portion of population to be cut off from the rest of the population Average species lives for 5 million years |
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Convergent evolution |
Similar phenotypes evolve independently in species that do not have a common ancestory
Ex: flying |
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Gene flow |
Change in allele frequencies as individuals join a population and reproduce (Wind blowing pollen; migrating herds) May introduce genetic variation from another population |
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Founder effect |
Event that initiates an allele frequency change in part of the population which is not typical of the original population |
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Bottleneck effect |
Magnification of genetic drift as a result of natural events or catastrophes |
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Migration |
Long range seasonal movement of animals Evolved adapted response to variation in resource availability (Birds fly south for winter, salmon migrate to spawning grounds) |
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Types of communication: signals |
Ex: 3 spined stickleback |
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Types of communication: pherome |
Secreted chemical signal |
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Types of communication: songs |
Aural signal used to attract mates Dolphins, crickets |
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Types of comm: courtship displays |
Series of ritualized visual signals for mating |
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Symbiotic relationship |
Close interactions btwn individuals of different species over an extended period of time Impacts the abundance and distribution of the associating populations |
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Altruism |
When a person does something for another at their own personal risk Ex: mother taking care of young Vervet monkeys mating calls |
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Territorial behaviors |
Boundaries determine who has access to resources Both social and solitary groups Territories only apply to members of same species/sex |
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Costs of social groups |
Competition for food and mates |
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Benefits of social groups |
Strength in numbers, easily find a mate, learning from others ( Birds) , division of labor (ants) |
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Role of genes in behavior |
Substantial role From simple reflexes to behaviors as complex as serial attraction or spinning a web |
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Imprinting |
Learned behavior that is acquired within a narrow period of time Typically irreversible Often seen in birds |
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Dominance behaviors |
Dominance hierarchies = members chatagerized into different classes Ranks based on aggressive competition Groups fight eachother for ranks Ranks go unchanged for long periods of time Ranks avoid wasting energy on fighting daily |
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Simplest form of learning |
Habituation/desensitization Upon repeated stimulation organism may begin to ignore stimulus "Cry wolf effect" |
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Other types of learning |
Read landmarks and produce cognitive maps Associative learning: relating experiences to future encounters Learning through observation= more complex |
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Fixed action patterns (stereotypical behaviors) |
Automatic reactions to certain stimuli Primarily unlearned Continues to completion Ex: male stickl3back |
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Proximate causation |
"How" Centered on what stimuli trigger particular behaviors and the physiological mechanisms which cause the behaviors |
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Ultimate causation |
"Why" Address what is the purpose (evolutionary advantage) to the behavior |
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Reproductive rates |
Typically only females observed Reproductive table Reproductive output determined by multiplying proportion of females at any given age that are breeding and the number of female offspring of those females |
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Clumping |
Seen in plants that drop their seeds straight in the ground ( oak trees) OR animals that live in groups ( schools of fish or herds of elephants) Function of habitat heterogeneity |
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Non random mating |
Choice of mates based on their phenotypes and genotypes Does not directly effect allele frequencies, but usually prevents genetic equilibrium |
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Parasite |
Organism that uses resources from another species The host |
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Survivorship curves |
Graph of the number of individuals surviving at each age interval plotted versus time |
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Type 1 survivorship curve |
Humans and most primates exhibit this curve because a high percentage of offspring survive their early and middle years Death occurs in older individuals Usually have small numbers of offspring at one time and high amount of parental care |
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Type 2 survivorship curve |
Birds because they die more or less equally at each age interval May have relatively few offspring and provide significant parental care |
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Type 3 survivorship curve |
Trees, marine invertebrates, most fish Very few survive younger years Large number of offspring, once born little parental care On their own Vulnerable to predation |
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Demography |
Statistical study of population changes over time: birth rates, death rates and life experiences Large population = higher birth rates and higher death rates because of competition, disease, and waste |
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Random dispersion |
Dandelion and other plants that have wind dispersed seeds that germinate wherever they happen to fall in a favorable environment |
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Precambrian era |
2.5 byas to 570 Mya Noncylic pathway evolved first in eubacteria and later in eukaryotic cells (algae and fungi) Oxygen accumulated Aerobic respiration evolved |
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Paleozoic era : cambrian |
All major phylas evolved and most organisms lived on or near sea floor ( trilobytes) Ocean Temps dropped |
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Paleozoic : ordovician |
Gonda a drifted southward Shallow marine environments formed Reef organisms flourished Glaciers formed to trigger first mass global extinction |
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Paleozoic: devonian and silurian |
Gondwana drifted northward Reef organisms recovered Predatory fishes flourished Amphibians and stalked plants moved to land |
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Paleozoic: devonian to carboniferous |
Sea levels changed drastically for unknown reasons Plants and animals advanced on dry land Fossil fuels and coal deposits formed |
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Paleozoic: permian |
Insects, amphibians and reptiles flourished Greatest of all known mass extinction occurred with only 5 to 10 % of known species surviving Pangea and tethys sea |
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Positive feedback examples |
Inflammatory response Uterine contractions during childbirth |
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Hydrostatic skeleton |
Force of contraction is applied against internal fluids -formed by the coelem -found in soft body animals such as sea anemones, earth worms, CNIDARIA, other invertebrates |
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Habitat isolation ( prezygotic) |
Resulting when populations move or are moved to a new habitat in a place that no longer overlaps with populations of the same species |
