Bio 2

Front 1

Diff btwn endocrine/nervous systems?

Back 1

Endocrine: chem signals, blood vessels, slower/long-term response

Front 2

What is the endocrine sys?

Back 2

glands/organs that secrete chemicals into circ sys

Front 3

Hormone?

Back 3

chem sigs secreted into circ sys via endocrine glands or cells

Front 4

endocrine vs exocrine

Back 4

endo: directly into circ sys w/o ducts

Front 5

gland?

Back 5

organ that synthesizes and secretes a substance into the bloodstream of into ducts or caitiies inside the body

Front 6

major endocrine glands?

Back 6

hypothalams, pineal, pituitary, thyroid, parathyroid, adrenal, pancreas, kidney, ovaries

Front 7

Exocrine gland def and examples

Back 7

secrete products into ducts that lead to the extternal enviro.

sebaceous glands, salivary glands, sweat, mammary.

NOT PART OF ENDOCRINE SYS

Front 8

Organs that are both endo/exo glands

Back 8

kidney, stomach, liver, pancreas

Front 9

Pancrease produces insulin to

Back 9

lower blood glucose

Front 10

Pancreas produces glucagon to

Back 10

up blood glucose

Front 11

type I diabetes

Back 11

low insulin production, appears during childhood, excess glucose in blood/urine

Front 12

type II diabetes

Back 12

target cell insulin receptor malfunction, occurs after 40 but obesity lowers age

Front 13

paracrine/autocrine

Back 13

affect nearby cells or itself

not part of endocrine system because localized

Front 14

neurotransmitters are?

Back 14

3rd type of local regulator (not a hormone)

cross synapses to continue electrical signal

Front 15

neurohormones

Back 15

released from specialized neurons into blood (special hormone)

ie prolactin

Front 16

posterior pituitary gland

Back 16

stores and secretes 2 hormones made by hypothalamus : ADH / Oxytocin

Front 17

ADH increases collecting duct permeability to water in kidney

Front 18

thirst/drinking cause blood osmolarity to

Back 18

decrease

Front 19

oxytocin, from posterior pit, stimulates

Back 19

smooth muscles in breast/uterus

contraction = pos feedback

Front 20

anterior pit gland

Back 20

synthesizes AND secretes hormones

(post pit stores/secretes)

Front 21

anterior pit gland controlled by hormones delivered directly from hyp.

Back 21

post pit is controlled by nerve impulse from hyp

Front 22

2 classes of hormones from anterior pit:

Back 22

releasing/inhibiting

Front 23

tropic hormones

Back 23

hormones regulate other endocrine organs

Front 24

non-tropic hormones

Back 24

directly stimulate target cells to induce effects

Front 25

Hormone TSH target is

Back 25

thyroid

Front 26

prolactin target is

Back 26

mammary glands

Front 27

GH (tropic and non-tropic) target is

Back 27

liver, bones, other tissues

Front 28

Growth hormone (ant pit) tropic/non-tropic acts:

Back 28

tropic: induces liver to release IGF which regulates bone growth

non-tropic: stimulate muslce growth

Front 29

dwarfism/gigantism caused by

Back 29

excess/too little GH

Front 30

acromegaly cause by

Back 30

too much GH after puberty

Front 31

thyroid function

Back 31

absord/stores iodine

produce/secrete 3 hormones:

t3 t4 calcitonin

Front 32

t4 is more stable or more active?

Back 32

stable

Front 33

t3 is more stable or more active?

Back 33

active

Front 34

t3 and t4 for

Back 34

reg of blood pressure/heart rate/repro/digestion

Front 35

calcitonin

Back 35

produced in c-cells of thyroid

c-cells bind ca2+ in blood

ihibits ca2+ from small int

inhibits release from bones

Front 36

hyperthyroidism

Back 36

increase hormone releases

increase effects = metabolism, sweating weigh t loss

5-10x more common in women

Grave's disease

Front 37

hypothyroidism

Back 37

decrease hormone release, decrease metabolism, weight gain, etc

Goiter

Front 38

increase in t3/t4 leads to decrease in TSH

neg or pos fdbck?

Back 38

neg

Front 39

iodine sources

Back 39

seafood/seaweed/kelp

asparagus/garlic/lima/shrooms/cow's milk/yogurt/eggs/cheese

Front 40

sex hormones produces by

Back 40

gonads/adrenal cortex

Front 41

types of sex hormones

Back 41

androgen, estrogen, progestogens

Front 42

androgens

Back 42

ie testosterone

Front 43

estrogens

Back 43

ie estradiol

Front 44

progesotgens

Back 44

ie progesterone

prep/maintain uterus

Front 45

nervous system

Back 45

collection of organs/tissues/cells that coordinate, records, distrib info by electrical/chemical sigs

Front 46

animal nervous systems that are cephalized...

Back 46

neurons clustered on one end into a brain

Front 47

NS comprised of

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neurons/glial cells

transfer info via electrochemical energy

support neurons/modulate action pot.

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dendrites

Back 48

bring electrical stimuli from other neurons

branches

Front 49

cell body

Back 49

receives stimuli from dendrites or other neurons

synthesizes some neurotransmitters

contain nuc

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axon

Back 50

receives stimulus from cell body of neuron

1/ cell

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synapse

Back 51

narrow space

Front 52

most neurons join via a synapse to

Back 52

other neurons

muscle cells

glands

Front 53

neurotransmitters pass info across syanpse from pre to post cell

Back 53

paracrine signal

Front 54

neurosecretory cells transmit neurohormones

Back 54

directly into the blood stream

transmit hormones into blood which act on distant targets

Front 55

4 functional types of neurons

Back 55

sensory/afferent, interneurons, motor/efferent, neurosecretory

Front 56

sensory/afferent

Back 56

transmit info from external/internal sensors to the brain

ie light odor taste temp pressure pain

Front 57

interneurons

Back 57

analyze and intrepret sensory input

SPINAL CORD AND BRAIN

have many more dendrites than other neuron types

Front 58

motor/efferent

Back 58

transmit signals from the brain to muscle and gland cells

stimulated by interneurons

Front 59

CNS

Back 59

brain/spinalcord

Front 60

PNS

Back 60

cranial nerves, ganglia outside CNS, spinal nerves

Front 61

ganglion

Back 61

in PNS in verts but CNS in inverts

collection of neuron [cell bodies] in the PNS

Front 62

nucleus

Back 62

collection of neuron cell bodies in the CNS

Front 63

brain contain all 4 types of neurons

Back 63

truw

Front 64

the only part of the nuron in nerves/tracts is the axon

both ontain many axons bundled together

Back 64

nerves only occur in the PNS

tracts only in the CNS

Front 65

nerves are organs of the PNS made of bundles of

Back 65

axons blood vessels connective tissue

Front 66

afferent

Back 66

only sensory neuron axons

Front 67

efferent

Back 67

only motor neuron axons

Front 68

cranial nerves

Back 68

12. some afferent, efferent, mixed

Front 69

spinal nerves

Back 69

31 pairs in humans, all are mixed

Front 70

astrocytes

Back 70

most abudnant cell type in human brain

Front 71

schwann cells

Back 71

PNS

Front 72

oligodendrocytes

Back 72

CNS

Front 73

glial cells

Back 73

support cells for neurons

several types w diff functions

Front 74

voltage

Back 74

the potential for greater movement of ions in one direction

voltage cause sions to flow

Front 75

membrane potential

Back 75

difference in electrical charge across a plasma membrane due to differential dist of ions on each side of membrane

-70

Front 76

diffusion

Back 76

no atp

Front 77

resting potential of a neuron

Back 77

-60 to -80

Front 78

resting neurons have high K+ inside and high

Back 78

NA+ outside

Front 79

depolarization

Back 79

a reduction in the magnitude of a cell's membrane pot.

occurs when the inside becomes less neg

Front 80

other gated channels open due to change in

Back 80

pressure/temp/light

Front 81

action potential

Back 81

rapid change in membrane pot.

triggered when depolarization reduces it to a threshold value -55 in mammals

Front 82

conduction speed affected by

Back 82

axon diameter

presence of insulation on axon

Front 83

node of ranvier

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region of depolarization

Front 84

saltatory conduction

Back 84

hopping of depolarization

Front 85

white matter

Back 85

myelinated axons of motor and sensory neurons

Front 86

grey matter

Back 86

unmyelinated axons

Front 87

electrical vs chemical

faster slower

smaller wider

bidirectional unidirectional

greater freq in verts

Front 88

skeletal muscle comp

Back 88

bundles of muscle fibers

connective tissue

blood vessels

nerves

Front 89

sarcomeres

Back 89

chain of repeating subunits

Front 90

each sarcomere cotains

Back 90

filament of acin, myosin, anchor to z disk, attach to thin filaments

Front 91

alignment of z discs creates -------- in skeletal muscles

Back 91

striations

Front 92

troponin/tropomyosin protein complex regulate

Back 92

contraction relaxatiion

Front 93

rigor mortis conditions?

Back 93

ca2 released, muscles contract

ATP levels drop so myosin head can't release to relax muscles

Front 94

sensory receptor 5 types

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mechano

chemo

electro

thermo

pain

Front 95

mechano types

Back 95

pressure, stretch, motion sensitive hairs, membranes

Front 96

pressure receptors

Back 96

stacks of cells with neuron dendrites btwn layers

in dermis

Front 97

stretch receptors

Back 97

responsive to distention of various organs/muscles

Front 98

muscle spindles

Back 98

stretch receptors in muscle which detech changes in the length of muscle

Front 99

motion sensitive hairs

Back 99

detect objects, prey, water mvment, sound

Front 100

"ears"

Back 100

tympanic membranes stretched over air chamber w/ hairs

outer, inner ear

conveys vol/pitch

Front 101

organ of corti

Back 101

cochlea translates vibes into action potential in auditory nerve

Front 102

chemoreceptors respond to

Back 102

diff kinds of molecules, solute conc of soln

Front 103

taste buds

Back 103

epithelial cells w/ receptor proteins

Front 104

5 tastes

Back 104

sweet, umami, bitter, sour, salty

Front 105

smell

Back 105

olfaction cells are specialized neurons

40 mill receptors that deteck 10k odors

Front 106

insect smell

Back 106

odorants pass into pores on hairs on antennae

DEET blocks receptors that detech human scent

Front 107

pheromones

Back 107

secreted chem factor that triggeres a social response in membesr of the same species

Front 108

simple eye cup

Back 108

light intensity and direction but no images

ocellus

Front 109

compound eyes

Back 109

in arthropods

6x more effective at detecting movement

ommatidia (light detectors) in rhabdom

Front 110

single lens eyes

Back 110

found in mollusks, jellies, verts, spiders

pupil/iris reg light intensity

cornea lets in light

retina contains photoreceptors

Front 111

retinal + opsin

Back 111

= rhodopsin

=photopsin x3

Front 112

rods and cones

Back 112

rods - no colors

retinal and opsin

Front 113

tissue types in plants

Back 113

dermal vascular ground

vascular transports water, nuts

ground photosynthesis/storage

Front 114

1-2 cell walls in plants made of

Back 114

cellulose / lignin

Front 115

parenchyma, collenchyma, sclerenchyma

cell types in any tissue type

Front 116

parenchyma

Back 116

most abundant

large central vacuole

Front 117

collenchyma

Back 117

grouped in strands

flexibile support to young plant parts

ie celery strings

no 2 walls

Front 118

sclerenchyma

Back 118

thick 2 walls w/ lignin

often dead at maturity

strong structural support

fibers/sclereids

Front 119

dermal tissue

Back 119

epi/peri

Front 120

stoma/stomata

Back 120

pores in leaves/stems

reg. gases/heat

lines by guard cells

H+ for K+

Front 121

vascular tissue

Back 121

xylem tissue/phloem tissue

Front 122

xylem tissue

Back 122

moves water and minerals up from roots

tracheids/vessel element - both dead @ maturity

tracheids in all vascular plants; later water flow, pits

vessel only in angiosperms, wide/short, pits end wall slits for lateral/vertical movement of water

Front 123

ploem tissue

Back 123

moves sugars down

sieve-tube members/companion cells, both alive

Front 124

ground tissue

Back 124

pith (internal) and cortex (external)

Front 125

simple leaf

Back 125

axillary buds @ leaf nodes

Front 126

compound leaf

Back 126

no axillary buds at base of leaflets

Front 127

blade

petiole

Back 127

blade: margin, apex, base

Front 128

leafs classified based on blade/margin/apex base, and

Back 128

venation/arrangment

Front 129

cuticle, produced by epidermis cells

Back 129

in epidermis makes wax/oil and protects

Front 130

trichomes, produced by epidermis cells

Back 130

thorn-like extensions, insulation

Front 131

bundle sheath cels

Back 131

specialized parenchyma cells

Front 132

mesophyll

Back 132

ground tissue in leaves

palisade/spongy

Front 133

modified stems

Back 133

stolon,(strawberry) rhizome,
(ginger) tuber, (potato) bulb w shortened stem

Front 134

modified roots

Back 134

prop, pneumatophores, tuber, aerial

Front 135

3 zones in roots

Back 135

cell division/elongation/maturation

Front 136

zone of elongation

Back 136

pushes root tip down

Front 137

lenticels

Back 137

space btwn cork cells that allow for gas exchange

Front 138

innate behaviors types

Back 138

reflex/ fixed pattern (triggered by something)/ orientation

Front 139

orientation behaviors

Back 139

innate behavior that alters movement in a specific way in response to a cue

kinesis (random movement in response) taxis (to or away from a stimulus), migration

Front 140

learned behavior

Back 140

habituation, imprinting, spatial, associative, cognitive

Front 141

habituation

Back 141

loss of responsiveness to stimuli that convey litle/no new info

Front 142

imprinting

Back 142

imprint on mother during critical period

Front 143

spatial

Back 143

establishment of a memory that reflects the enviros spatial structure

know nest location in relation to other stuff

Front 144

associative

Back 144

2 types: classical/operant

Front 145

classical conditioning

Back 145

arbittray stimulus becomes assocaited with a particular outcome -- pavlov

Front 146

associative learning

Back 146

ability to associate one enviro feature w/ aanother

Front 147

operant conditioning

Back 147

associate own behavior w/ award/punishmenet

Front 148

cognition

Back 148

awareness, reasoning, judgment

Front 149

optimal foraging models

Back 149

balance costs/benefits of behavior

Front 150

root cap , apical, cell div, elong, matur

Front 151

pericycle root tissue give rise to

Back 151

lateral roots

Front 152

some plants lack secondary growth

Back 152

truw

Front 153

apical dominance by auxin overcome by

Back 153

pruning

Front 154

what arises from lateral meristem activity

Back 154

leaves

Front 155

what tissue makes up most wood of a tree

Back 155

sexondary xylem

Front 156

interspecific

Back 156

btwn species

Front 157

competition

Back 157

use of limited resource

Front 158

competitive exclusion principle

Back 158

two species competing for the same limiting resources cant coexist

results in local extinction, resource partitioning, character displacment

Front 159

prey adaptations

Back 159

cryptic coloration, (blend) aposematic coloration (dart frog), mullerian mimicry (harmful sp resembles each other), batesian mimicry (harmless resembles harmful)

Front 160

facultative mutualism

Back 160

exist better together

Front 161

obligate mutualism

Back 161

one cant survive w/o other

Front 162

sp div = sp richness + relative abundance

Back 162

diversity depends on # and proportion

Front 163

keystone species

Back 163

important in enviro

gopher tort

Front 164

pop comm ecosystem biome

Back 164

biome - globally similar envir

Front 165

lakes differ in

Back 165

photic/ littoral/limnetic pelagic benthic

Front 166

oligotrophic v eutrophic

Back 166

nut poor, o2 rich

nut rich o2 poor

Front 167

pelagic benthic abyssal

Back 167

intertidal neritic oceanic

Front 168

intertidal

Back 168

high in nutrients

Front 169

climate affected by

Back 169

topographical features and latitude

Front 170

grassland fire suppresion can result in

Back 170

conversion to forest or vice versa

Front 171

continental drift

mass ext

hunting

habitat loss

Front 172

vital stats

Back 172

birth death immigration emigration

Front 173

survivorship

Back 173

survive to a certain age

Front 174

survival

Back 174

chances of dying or surv from one age to the next