Bio 2

Front 1

Evolution

Back 1

The change over time in genetic composition of a population.

Front 2

Taxanomy

Back 2

Concerned with the naming and classifying of organisms.

Front 3

Fossils

Back 3

-Remains or traces of organisms from the past.
-Preserved evidence of previously living things.
-2nd evedience of evolution.

Front 4

Paleontology

Back 4

The study of fossils

Front 5

Catastropism

Back 5

The hypothesis by Georges Cuvier that each boundary between strata conrresponded in time to a catastrophe.

Front 6

Gradualism (James Hutton)

Back 6

The idea that profound change can take place through the comulative effect of slow but continuous processes.

Hint 6

the contrast to catastrophism

Front 7

Uniformitarianism (Charles Lyell)

Back 7

The idea that geologic processes have not changed throughout Earth's history.

Hint 7

Charles Lyell Idea

Front 8

Microevolution

Back 8

The evolution of traits within a species. Change confined to a single gene pools.

Front 9

Macroevolution

Back 9

The evolution of new species.

Front 10

Charles Darwin

*Natural Selection and Adaptation.

Back 10

-On The Origin of Species by Means of Natural Selection.
-2 main idea = 1, that evolution explains life's unity and diversity 2, that natural selection is a cause of adaptive evolution.
-Similarities & differences b/ween species were determined more by relative location of species then by simply how well each species was suited to their env.
-Finches of the Galapagos Islands.

Front 11

Lamarck

Back 11

-Hypothesis of "use and disuse"
-Inheritance of "acquired" characteristics

Front 12

Thomas Malthus

Back 12

"Populations can increase faster then their resources"

Front 13

Biogeography

Back 13

The study of the Geographic distribution of species/organisms.

Front 14

Adaptive Radiation

Back 14

The numorous species arising from a common ancestor, each adapted by N.S. to a distinct environment or life style.

Front 15

Convergent evolution

Back 15

Independent evolution of similar life forms as a result of "adaptation" to similar niches w/similar selective pressures.

Front 16

Comparative Anatomy

Back 16

Comparing anatomies of different aorganisms supports the idea of descent w/modification from a common sncestor.

Front 17

Homology

Back 17

Having similarity resulting from a common ancestor.

Front 18

Homologous structures

Back 18

Structures in different species that're similar because of common ancestry.

Front 19

Vestigial structures

Back 19

Structures w/little or no function that're remnants of once-functional ancestral structures. (ie) appendix, tail bone, and goosebumps in humans.

Front 20

Ontogeny

Recapitulates

Phylogeny

Back 20

Development

Reflect

Evolution History

Front 21

Artificial Selection

Back 21

Selective breeding of domesticated animals/plants to encourage the occurence of desirable traits.

Front 22

what is Darwin's Dilemma?

Back 22

-Evolution requires variation, but natural selection eliminates variation.
-During Dawins day, the discrete nature of hereditary units was not understood.

Front 23

Population genetics

Back 23

The study of how populations change genetically over time

Front 24

Population

Back 24

A group of interbreeding organisms.

Front 25

Hardy and Weinberg

Back 25

-No net change in genetic variation over time as long as these equilibrium are maintained.(the population is large, there is no mutation, no immigration or emigration, mating is random, all indivitual survive & reproduce equally well)ie. no natural selection
-(p^2 + 2pq + q^2 =1)
-p + q = 1

Front 26

A Population

Back 26

-has freq. of genotypes
-has freq. of alleles

Front 27

Gene Pool

Back 27

All the alleles in a population.

Front 28

Fixed Population

Back 28

When only 1 allele is present in a population (all individuals are homozygous)

Front 29

Mutations

Back 29

Changes in the nucleotide sequence of DNA.

Front 30

Genetic drift

Back 30

Random unpredictable fluctuatetion on how allele freq. changes from 1 generation to the next.

Front 31

Bottleneck

Back 31

Effect of a temporary period of small population size.

Front 32

Bottleneck Effect

Back 32

A sudden chanfe in the environment, ie.when natural disaster such as fire or fllod striks.

Front 33

Founder Effect

Back 33

When a small # of individuals breake off from main population to colonize a new habit.

Front 34

Gene Flow

Back 34

Genetic addition to &/or removal from a population resulting from the movement of fertile individuals or gametes.

Front 35

Gene Flow

Back 35

-Migration between populations can change their allele freq.
-Exchange of alleles among population changes gene freq.
-Reduces genetic differences between populations.

Front 36

Inbreeding

Back 36

Mating between closely related (genetically) individuals.

Front 37

Asortative Mating

Back 37

Individuals mate with partners that're like themselves for certain traits.

Front 38

Non-random mating

Back 38

Effects the freq. of genotypes in a population, but dose not change allele freq.

Front 39

Ecology

Back 39

Study of the interactions between organisims and their environment.

Front 40

Abiotic Component

Back 40

Nonliving chemical and physical factors.

Front 41

Biotic Component

Back 41

Living components; all organisms that are part of the environment.

Front 42

Organismal ecology

Back 42

Subdivided into Behavioral, physiological, morphological, and life ecology which deals w/how an organism's structer,physiology, and behavior meet the challenges posed by the env.

Front 43

Population ecology

Back 43

Concetrates mainly on factors that affect how many individuals of a paeticular specise live in an area.

Front 44

Community ecology

Back 44

The interactions that occur between populations of different species that live in the same area.

Front 45

Ecosystem

Back 45

Sum of all the biotic community and the abiotic environment.

Front 46

Biosphere

Back 46

The sum of all the planet's ecosystems.

Front 47

Demography

Back 47

Study of vital statistics of populations and how they change over time.

Front 48

Pop'n. Size
Pop'n. Density
Dispersion

Back 48

# of individuals
#/area or volume
Pattern of distribution or spacing among individuals.

Front 49

POP'N. DISPERSION PATTERNS.

Clumped

Back 49

results of pop./envi. interaction.

Front 50

Uniform

Random

Back 50

results of interaction among individuals(eg.territoriality)

implies little interaction affecting dispersion.

Front 51

A Life Table

Back 51

Age-specific summaries of the survival pattern of a pop'n.
(A tool used to predict future pop'n. structure).

Front 52

Cohort

Back 52

A group of individuals of the same age, from birth until all are dead.

Front 53

Survivorship curve

Back 53

A plot of the # of members of a cohort that are still alive at each age.

Front 54

Semelparity

Back 54

-big bang reproduction.
-reproduce once & die
-usually many offspring; low chance of survival. eg. pecific samons.
-often an adaptive response to a varible environment.

Front 55

Heroparity

Back 55

-repeated reproduction throughout life
-usually fewer offspring
-higher survival rate.(mammals).
-an adptation to more stable environments.

Front 56

Carrying Capacity (K)

Back 56

The maximum pop'n. size that a particular env. can support.

Front 57

Density Dependent

Back 57

An characteristic that varies according to an increase in pop'n. density.

Front 58

EXTRINSIC(envir.)REGULATING FACTORS.

-Resource Limitaion

Back 58

-competition for food, nutrients, space, nesting site

Front 59

-Density Dependant
-Accumulation

Back 59

-predation
-of toxic wastes

Front 60

INTRINSIC REGULATING FACTORS (self vs.envir. regulation)

-Crowding effect

Back 60

-hormonal changes delay sexual reproduction &/or shrink reproductive organs.
-depression of immune system
-increased aggressive behavio
-eating of young by parents.

Front 61

Weather extremes

Back 61

-Affect pop'n. size but not in proportion to density.
-Harder to predict changes in pon'n. size due to these factors.
-Periodic catastrophes, disrurbances
-Largely unknown factors, specific for each organism.

Front 62

Community

Back 62

All the living organisms that live in the same area.

Front 63

Species Richness

Back 63

Total # of different species in the community

Front 64

Relative Abundance

Back 64

The proportion each species represent of the total community.

Front 65

Mutualism: (+/+)

Back 65

-both parties benefit
-ie. plants & their pollinator

Front 66

Commensalism (+/0)

Back 66

-1 species benefits w/out affecting the other species.
-ie. cattle egrets & cows
-sea anemones & hermit crabs

Front 67

Predation (+/-)
-Herbivory
-Parasitism

-Parasitoidism

-Pathogens

Back 67

-when animals eat plants
-when one organism lives on or in a host
-when an organism lays eggs in or on the host.
-disease causing organisms

Front 68

Cryptic coloration

Back 68

-camouflage

Front 69

Batesian Mimicry

Back 69

A type of mimicry in which a harmless species looks like a species hat is poisonous or harmful to predators.

Front 70

Mullerian Mimicry

Back 70

A mutual mimicry by 2 unpalatable species.