Bio 2 3Rd Exam Review Chapter 53

Front 1

sexual reproduction

Back 1

increases genetic variablility

Front 2

hermaphorditism

Back 2

-both male and female reproductive systems
-some species can fertilize thier own eggs (would require synchronous hermaphroditism)

Front 3

what is sequential hermaphroditism?

Back 3

involves sexual reversal

Front 4

external fertilization

Back 4

occurs in amphibians and requires specialezed behavior because it involves the release of egges and sperm into a body of water and often leaves fertilized eggs susceptible to predation

Front 5

internal fertilization

Back 5

requires specialized anatomical structures

Front 6

testes

Back 6

male gonads held outside body cavity due to normal body temperature is too high for spermatogenesis

Front 7

male reproductive system includes?

Back 7

-testes (gonads)
-scrotum (holds testes outside abdominal cavity for temperature regulation)
-seminiferous tubules (sperm production)
-seminal vesicles (fructose on semen)
-prostate gland(buffers in semen)
-bulbourethral glands (mucus in semes)
-epididymis (tightly coiled tube which is site of sperm maturation)
-urethra (passage for sperm and urine)

Front 8

what are the structures found in the male reproductive system?

Back 8

-testes (gonads)
-scrotum (holds testes outside abdominal cavity for temperature regulation)
-seminiferous tubules (sperm production)
-seminal vesicles (fructose on semen)
-prostate gland(buffers in semen)
-bulbourethral glands (mucus in semes)
-epididymis (tightly coiled tube which is site of sperm maturation)
-urethra (passage for sperm and urine)

Front 9

what role does each structure in the male reproductive system have?

Back 9

-testes (gonads)
-scrotum (holds testes outside abdominal cavity for temperature regulation)
-seminiferous tubules (sperm production)
-seminal vesicles (fructose on semen)
-prostate gland(buffers in semen)
-bulbourethral glands (mucus in semes)
-epididymis (tightly coiled tube which is site of sperm maturation)
-urethra (passage for sperm and urine)

Front 10

which is the gonads?

Back 10

the testes

Front 11

why is the scrotum important for sperm development?

Back 11

the scrotum holds the testes outside the andominal cavity for temperature regulation

Front 12

where are the sperm produced?

Back 12

seminiferous tubules

Front 13

where do sperm mature?

Back 13

epididymis

Front 14

what moves thru the urethra?

Back 14

passage for sperm and urine

Front 15

semen production requires what structures?

Back 15

requires:
-the testes
-prostate gland
-seminal vesicles
-the bulborethral gland

Front 16

what is the order from sperm production to ejaculation?

Back 16

1.seminiferous tubules
2.epididymis
3.vas deferens
4.ejaculatory duct
5.urethra

Front 17

semen (seminal fluid) includes?

Back 17

includes:
-sperm
-fructose
-prostaglandins
-buffers
-mucus

Front 18

what is included in semen?

Back 18

includes:
-sperm
-fructose
-prostaglandins
-buffers
-mucus

Front 19

gametes

Back 19

eggs and sperm
both are haploid (23 chromosomes each)

Front 20

when gametes are described as haploid, what does that mean?

Back 20

the process of meiosis reduces the chromosomal number by one-half in gametes

Front 21

male reproductive hormones

Back 21

-GnRH (from hypothalmus
-FSH: promotes sperm and development
-LH: promotes testosterone and secretion from intersitial cells
-testosterone: main sex hormone produced by the interstitial celss of the testes

Front 22

what does testosterone maintain?

Back 22

male secondary sexual characteristics

Front 23

where are FSH and LH from?

Back 23

specifically leydig;
-these 2 are gonadotropic hormones from the anterior pituiitary

Front 24

what are the male reproductive hormones?

Back 24

-GnRH
-FSH
-LH
-testosterone

Front 25

what are the male reproductive hormones roles?

Back 25

-GnRH:
-FSH: promotes sperm and development
-LH: promotes testosterone and secretion from intersitial cells
-testosterone: main sex hormone produced by the interstitial celss of the testes

Front 26

where do they each come from?

Back 26

GnRH: hypothalmus
LSH and LH: the anterior pituitary
testosterone: produced by the interstitial cells of the testes

Front 27

Secondary sexual characteristic s of the male are directly maintained to what?

Back 27

testosterone

Front 28

Gonadotropic hormones are produced in what gland?

Back 28

the FSH and the LH
and are produced in the anterior pituitary

Front 29

what is involved with the functioning of the testes?

Back 29

the hypothalmus
the gonadotropic hormones
and the anterior pituitary glands

Front 30

what is the sperm produced by and where?

Back 30

produced by the spermatogenesis with in the sertoli cells

Front 31

what is the sperms purpose?

Back 31

the delivery system for the male genetic material

Front 32

how many chromosomes do sperm have?

Back 32

23 chromosomes

Front 33

what is the structure of a sperm?

Back 33

includes:
-a head covered by a cap of enzymes (acrosome- promotes egg penetration)
-middle piece: mitochondria
-flagellum makes up the tail which allows the sperm to be motile

Front 34

how much sperm is usually contained in seminal fluid per ejaculation?

Back 34

300-400 million sperm per ejaculation

Front 35

the process of sperm formation is called what?

Back 35

spermiogenesis or spermatogenesis

Front 36

what is the acrosome and what is found there?

Back 36

-promotes egg penetration
-is the head of the sperm covered by a cap of enzymes

Front 37

ejacuulation pathway?

Back 37

epididymis, to the vas deferens, to the urethra, to the glans penis

Front 38

female reproductive system

Back 38

includes:
-ovaries(gonads)
-fallopian tubes
-uterus
-cervix (neck of uterus)

Front 39

in female mammals what are germs cells arrested in?

Back 39

germ cells are arrested in mitosis until puberty

Front 40

female gonads are what?

Back 40

ovaries (gonads)

Front 41

puberty

Back 41

in females, granulosa cells begin to secrete estradiol

Front 42

oogenesis

Back 42

cyclical process in which female mammals produce an egg
**completion of meiosis II occurs after fertilization**

Front 43

ovulation

Back 43

mature follicle ruptures and secondary oocyte is released
**meiosis is completed only if fertilization occurs**

Front 44

what happens during ovulation?

Back 44

the mature follicle ruptures and the secondary ooctye is released
**meiosis is completed only if fertilization occurs

Front 45

corpus luteum

Back 45

after rupturing, the follicle becomes the corpus luteum which primarily produces progesterone

Front 46

what happens after the corpus luteum forms from the ruptured follicle?

Back 46

the production of progesterone from the corpus luteum:
-inhibits LH and FSH secretion
-prevents maturation of primary oocytes
-prepares the uterus for implantation of an embryo

Front 47

the corpus luteum produces what as its primary function?

Back 47

it produces progesterone

Front 48

If no pregnancy?

Back 48

progesterone and estradiol levels decrease = triggering menses

Front 49

female hormones?

Back 49

GnRH: (hypothalmus)
LH: (anterior pituitary gland) responsible for triggering ovulation and stimulating development of corpus luteum.
FSH:(anterior pituitary gland) stimulates follicle development
estradiol/estrogen: maintains female secondary sexual characteristics
progesterone: keeps endometrium (uterine lining) in secretory phase to support pregnancy
HCG: is hormone that maintains corpus luteum after implantation and is the basis of moost pregnancy test.

Front 50

what do the FSH and the LH directly affect?

Back 50

the ovaries

Front 51

hormones from what gland have a direct effect on the ovaries?

Back 51

from the anterior pituitary gland
-produces LH (responsible for triggering ovulation and stimulating development of corpus luteum)
-FSH (stimulates follicle development), both directly affecting the ovaries;

Front 52

what hormone triggers ovulation and the development of the corpus luteum?

Back 52

LH
luteinizing hormone

Front 53

what hormones stimulates follicle development?

Back 53

FSH
follicle-stimulating hormone

Front 54

what hormone has a role in female secondary sexual characteristics?

Back 54

estradiol/estrogen

Front 55

what is the role of progesterone?

Back 55

keeps endometrium (uterine lining in secretetory phase to support pregnancy

Front 56

what is the role of HCG and is its presence used to do?

Back 56

hormone that maintains corpus luteum after implantion
-is the basis of most pregnancy test
-if this is present then the test will reflect positve
**human chorionic gonadotropin**

Front 57

gametogenesis (male and female)
where are gametes formed?

Back 57

gametes develop in the gonads

Front 58

how do sperm cells multiply?

Back 58

by mitosis

Front 59

how are gametes formed?

Back 59

by mitosis

Front 60

what are primary cells?

Back 60

spermatocytes and oocytes are diploid but the sperm and the ovum are haploid

Front 61

what is oxytocin?

Back 61

stimulates uterine contraction during the birth process in mammals

Front 62

fertilization by sperm

Back 62

-sperm increase ATP production
-sperm contacts the cumulus mass
-proteolytic enzymes are released from the acrosome
-sperm then passes thru the zona pellucida
-sperm contacts the plasma memebrane of the ovum

Front 63

where does the fertilization of the ovum occur?

Back 63

in the oviduct

Front 64

what is gestation?

Back 64

implantation to birth

Front 65

what is fetal support?

Back 65

nutrients and oxygen diffuse into the umbilical capillaries from maternal blood pools that surround the chorionc villi

Front 66

which hemoglobin has a higher affinity for oxygen and what does this mean?

Back 66

the fetal hemoglobin has a higher affinity for oxygen and thereby allowing the fetal hemoglobin to remove oxygen from the maternal hemoglobin

Front 67

what does parturition mean?

Back 67

birth

Front 68

what is the order of parturition?

Back 68

-estradiol levels increase
-oxytocin receptors increase in the uterus
-stretch-sensitive neurons send signals to the hypothalmus
-oxytocin levels increase
-uterine muscles start to contract
-prostaglandin levels increase

Front 69

what is the least effective birth control?

Back 69

rhythm method

Front 70

Place the following events of parturition in the correct order.
(1) Stretch-sensitive neurons send signals to the hypothalamus.
(2) Oxytocin receptors increase in the uterus.
(3) Prostaglandin levels increase.
(4) Estradiol levels increase.
(5) Oxytocin levels increase.
(6) Uterine muscles start to contract.
A. 1,2,4,5,3,6
B. 4,2,1,5,6,3
C. 5,2,4,1,3,6
D. 1,6,4,2,5,3
E. 4,3,1,2,5,6

Back 70

B. 4,2,1,5,6,3

Front 71

What allows fetal hemoglobin to remove oxygen from maternal hemoglobin?
A. Fetal hemoglobin has an extra heme group.
B. Oxygen is more soluble in fetal blood than maternal blood.
C. Fetal hemoglobin has a higher affinity for oxygen than does maternal hemoglobin.
D. There are two times more fetal than maternal hemoglobin molecules in the placenta.
E. Fetal hemoglobin molecules are much larger than maternal hemoglobin molecules.

Back 71

C. Fetal hemoglobin has a higher affinity for oxygen than does maternal hemoglobin.

Front 72

Which of the following types of contraception is the least effective?
A. RU486
B. the rhythm method
C. condoms
D. birth control pills
E. All of these contraceptive methods are equally effective.

Back 72

B. the rhythm method

Front 73

In females at puberty, the ________ cells begin to secrete the major female sex hormone, estradiol.
A. oocyte
B. corpus luteum
C. follicle
D. granulosa

Back 73

D. granulosa

Front 74

A __________ oocyte is released from an ovary at ovulation, and it only completes meiosis if it is fertilized.
A. primary
B. germinal
C. secondary
D. ovum

Back 74

C. secondary