Bio 2 2Nd Exam Review Chapter 43

Front 1

vertebrate body organization levels

Back 1

levels from simple to complex:
cells, tissues, organs (composed of two or more kinds of tissue), organ systems, organism

Front 2

vertebrate body organization: mammals

Back 2

mammals' diaphram divides the coelom into the thoracic cavity and the abdominal cavity

Front 3

homeotic genes

Back 3

control the development fate of particular segments or regions of an animal's body
**found in all animals **

Front 4

vertbrates tissues

Back 4

-muscle
-nerve
-epithelial
-connective

Front 5

embryonic germ layer tissues

Back 5

-endoderm
-mesoderm
-ectoderm

Front 6

epithelial tissues

Back 6

-provide a selectively permeable barrier
-protect from dehydration or mechanical damage
-provide sensory surfaces
-produce glands (invaginated epithelium) that secrete materials.

Front 7

epithelial cells: squamous

Back 7

squamous:
-flattened irregular shape and tapered edges
-cuboidal:
-cube shaped
-often found in glands
-columnar:
-cylinder shaped shells that
contain goblet cells that
secrete mucus

Front 8

2 types of epithelial cells

Back 8

simple- is a single layer of epithelail cells
stratified- is more than one layer of epithelial cells

Front 9

what do epithelial cells do?

Back 9

-cover structures and line the walls of the body cavity
- rest on basal lamina or basement membrane with a free side (Apical surface)
-are avascular, therefore relatively thin since they recieved materials via difffusion from adjecent tissue's blood vessels

Front 10

vertebrate glands

Back 10

-derived from invaginated epithelium
-endocrine glands secrete hormones that travel through the blood stream
-exocrine glands secrete substances through ducts onto a free surface

Front 11

epidermis protection

Back 11

provided via keratin (water proofing)
stratified squamous
-outer layer of dead squamous

Front 12

connective tissue

Back 12

cells embedded in an extracellular (protien fibers plus ground substances including carbohydrates)

Front 13

connective tissue produces

Back 13

they produce:
all originate from mesoderm germ layer:
-act to connect
-anchor
-support (dense irregular connective tissue produces tough coverings that packages organs

Front 14

connective tissues include:

Back 14

-bone
-cartilage
-blood
-adipose

Front 15

cartilage (chondrocytes: cartilages cells)

Back 15

composed of glycoprotiens (chondroitin) and collagen fibers

Front 16

bone

Back 16

a special form of connective tissue that is organic extracellular motrix of collagen fibeers and salt crystals

Front 17

bone serves as:

Back 17

serves as a reseervoir for calcium and phosphate ion

Front 18

bone contains

Back 18

bone marrow that is a site for blood cell formations

Front 19

osteocyte

Back 19

living bone cell found in a extracellular matrix hardened with calcium phosphate crystals

Front 20

how do osteocytes communicate?

Back 20

communicate with other osteocytes through canaliculi

Front 21

intracellular connections

Back 21

found within smooth and cardiac muscle

Front 22

what do intracellular connections allow?

Back 22

they allow coordinated contractions

Front 23

vertebrate locomotion

Back 23

contraction of skeletal muscles anchored via tendons to bones

Front 24

what do muscle cells do?

Back 24

cells that can contract and shorten
unique and relative abundance and organization of actin and myosin fibers contained in myofibrils

Front 25

types of muscle cells

Back 25

skeletal
cardiac
smooth

Front 26

skeletal muscle

Back 26

-multi-nucleated
-striated voluntary
-found connected to a bone for locomoiton

Front 27

cardiac muscle

Back 27

-mono-nucleated
-striated
-involuntary
-found in heart
-contain intercalated disk (gap junctions for direct interconnections)

Front 28

smooth muscle

Back 28

-mono-nucleated
-unstriated
-involuntary
-found on surrounding hollow tubes and cavities of organs

Front 29

neurons

Back 29

excitable cells that produce and conduct electrochemical impulses

Front 30

neurons include

Back 30

include:
- cell body (contains nucleus and organelles)
-dendrites (highly branched extensions that conduct impulses toward the cell body)
-axon (single cytoplasmic extension tha conduct impulses away from cell body)

Front 31

neuroglia

Back 31

do not conduct electrical impulses

Front 32

what does neuroglia do?

Back 32

support and insulate neurons and eliminate foreign materials in and around neurons

Front 33

myelin sheath

Back 33

insulating cover formed by glial cells around axons
-schwann cells form in the PNS
-oligodendrocytes form in the CNS

Front 34

nodes of Ranvier

Back 34

-gaps in myelin sheaths
-associated with acceleration of impulses

Front 35

nervous system

Back 35

CNS (brain and spinal cord)
PNS (nerves and ganglia)

Front 36

homeostasis

Back 36

the ability or tendency of an organism or cll to maintain a relatively constant internal equilibrium by adjusting its physiological processes

Front 37

conformers

Back 37

maintain same fluid composition as environment (lower energy costs)

Front 38

regulators

Back 38

maintain internal compostion of fliuds different from environment as a higher energy cost

Front 39

feed-forward regulation

Back 39

physiological changes that prepares the organism for anticipated changes

Front 40

feedback mechanisms process include

Back 40

-stimulus
-sensor
-set point
-integrating center
-effector
-response

Front 41

feedback

Back 41

-Fundamental feature of homeostasis
-Major ways “change” is responded to
-Negative feedback
-Positive feedback

Front 42

negative feedback

Back 42

-variable being regulated brings sbout response that move the variable in the opposite direction
-may occura at organ, cellular, or molecular level
-a decrease in body temperature leads to responses that increase body temperature
-minimizes change (often through antagonistic effectors)

Front 43

positive feedback

Back 43

-far less common
-accelerates a process
-reinforces the direction of change
-birth in mammals
-emphasizes change

Front 44

negative feedback example

Back 44

the lizard:
-blood pressure falls due to loss of blood
-sensors are activated to tell brain to secrete more hormones
-more hormones are secreted and blood pressure goes back to safe levels

Front 45

positive feedback example

Back 45

-brain triggers release of hormones to increase strength of uterine contraction
-the strong contraction stimulate brain to increase hormone
-nerve impulses travel from birth canal to brain

Front 46

body temperature

Back 46

controlled by the hypothalamus

Front 47

how does body temperature work

Back 47

a rise in the set point (as in the induction phase of a fever) would trigger muscles contracting causing shivers

Front 48

paracrine regulation

Back 48

release of factors into interstitial fluids by cells that influence the activity of nearby cells

Front 49

hormones

Back 49

a chemical messenger secreted from glands into the blood that can act on both nearby and distant target cells thereby regulating organ systems

Front 50

target cells

Back 50

cells with specific receptors (can be located on the surface or inside cell) that allow interaction of hormones or neurotransmitters

Front 51

types of body fluid

Back 51

intracellular
extracellular

Front 52

intracellular

Back 52

inside cells (contains most fluid)

Front 53

extracellular

Back 53

outside cells
includes plasma and interstitial fluid

Front 54

Consider: body fluid

Back 54

barrier between intracellular and extracellular in plants and animals is plasma membrane

Front 55

solute movement across the plasma membrane

Back 55

-utilize simple diffusion
-ATP-powered active transport
-transporters
-facilitated diffusion

Front 56

diffusion

Back 56

net movement of substance from areas of high concentration to areas of low concentration thru random motion

Front 57

consider: diffusion

Back 57

with diffusion, form promote function, so epithelium specialized for diffusion would be thin with a relatively large surface area.

Front 58

facilitated diffusion

Back 58

carrier protiens facilitates solute movement ion response to [gradient] thru conformational change

Front 59

osmosis

Back 59

diffusion of water in response to water [gradient] caused by solute presence
-net (free) water movement (via diffusion) across a membrane toward a higher solute concentration, therefore, water moves from a region of high water concentration to one of low water concentration

Front 60

solute

Back 60

substance dissolved in solvent

Front 61

solvent

Back 61

substance the solvent dissolves within

Front 62

solution

Back 62

mixture of solute and solvent

Front 63

isotonic

Back 63

comparison of two solutions where both have equal [solute], therefore have equal [water]...
no concentration gradient for water, so no net movement of water

Front 64

hypertonic

Back 64

in comparison of two solutions with equal osmotic concentration, the solution with higher solute concentration;
free water moves into hypertonic solution

Front 65

hypotonic

Back 65

in comparison of two solutions with unequal osmotic concentration, the solution with lower solute concentration;
free water mover out of hypotonic solution

Front 66

If ATP production was regulated by positive feedback, then high levels of ATP in muscle cells would
A. stimulate more ATP production.
B. inhibit more ATP production.
C. not alter ATP production.
D. stimulate ATP degradation.
E. All of the answers for this question are correct.

Back 66

A. stimulate more ATP production.
?????

Front 67

In osmosis
A. water moves from extracellular to intracellular compartments.
B. water moves from a region of high water concentration to a region of low water concentration.
C. solutes move from a region of low water concentration to a region of high water concentration.
D. solutes move from a region of high solute concentration to a region of low solute concentration.
E. plasma membranes must be impermeable to water.

Back 67

B. water moves from a region of high water concentration to a region of low water concentration.

Front 68

Homeotic genes
A. are only present in vertebrates.
B. are only present in insects and vertebrates.
C. are found in all animals.
D. have widely varied functions from species to species.
E. are involved in the formation, but not the positioning, of organs.

Back 68

C. are found in all animals.

Front 69

Which of the following is not a characteristic of a hormone?
A. chemical messenger
B. secreted from glands into the blood
C. acts on distant target cells
D. regulates organ systems
E. secreted from glands into the interstitial fluid

Back 69

E. secreted from glands into the interstitial fluid

Front 70

Connective tissue serves to support and bind other tissues. Which of the following is NOT an example of connective tissue?
A. bone
B. cartilage
C. neurons
D. fat
E. blood

Back 70

C. neurons

Front 71

In which of the following locations would you find skeletal muscle?
A. biceps muscle
B. heart
C. arterial wall
D. small intestine
E. bronchiole

Back 71

A. biceps muscle

Front 72

Myelin sheaths are found along
A. axons.
B. dendrites.
C. neuroglias.
D. cell bodies.
E. ganglia.

Back 72

A. axons.

Front 73

Epithelial membranes are not very thick because
A. epithelial tissues cannot support other cells growing on top of the tissue.
B. epithelial tissues are nourished by blood vessels in adjacent tissues, thus diffusion is limited to thin tissues.
C. epithelial tissues can only reach a certain level of thickness because of their pre-programmed cell growth.
D. epithelial tissues that are much greater than a few cell layers in thickness collapse because of drying conditions caused by the environment.
E. epithelial tissues are not able to grow past several cell layers because of an interrupted cell cycle which occurs after several complete cell cycles.

Back 73

B. epithelial tissues are nourished by blood vessels in adjacent tissues, thus diffusion is limited to thin tissues.

Front 74

Bone cells are called
A. dendrites.
B. erythrocytes.
C. chondrocytes.
D. osteocytes.
E. fibroblasts.

Back 74

D. osteocytes.

Front 75

Which of the muscle types have intercellular connections which allow coordinated contractions between them?
A. just cardiac muscle
B. just smooth muscle
C. cardiac and smooth muscle
D. cardiac and skeletal muscle
E. cardiac, smooth, and skeletal muscle

Back 75

C. cardiac and smooth muscle