Reading...
Play button
Play button
Use LEFT and RIGHT arrow keys to navigate between flashcards;
Use UP and DOWN arrow keys to flip the card;
H to show hint;
A reads text to speech;
51 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
|
Basic population growth model
|
Growth = Births + Immigration - Deaths - Emigration
|
|
|
Exponential Growth
|
Grows upwards nevuh staps
|
|
|
Zero Pop Growth
|
Birth rate =Death rate
|
|
|
Logistic Growth
|
Climbs but then levels off due to environmental factors like food, disease.
|
|
|
Carrying Capacity
|
Max # of individuals in a population an area can support
|
|
|
density-dependent factor
|
Food, population, disease, things that affect population
|
|
|
density-independent factor
|
Non living factors that affect population- weather, temperature, natural disaster.
|
|
|
Cohort life table
|
track individuals born at the same time through time. record age at death
|
|
|
Static life table
|
“snapshot” of population. Go out and count individuals of each age
|
|
|
Demography
|
Size, structure of populations
|
|
|
Type I Graph
|
Low Mortality- Humans sheeps
|
|
|
Type II Graph
|
Constant mortality- rodants
|
|
|
Type III Graph
|
High Mortality- sea turtles, salmons.
|
|
|
Age Structure Techniques
|
Tree cores, teeth bones give history into life. Can see good/bad years
|
|
|
Distribution patterns
|
the way that
organisms are distributed in geographic space |
|
|
Random Distribution pattern
|
Plants, maximize their access to resources.
|
|
|
Clumped Distribution pattern
|
resources are unevenly distributed across the landscape
|
|
|
Uniform Distribution pattern
|
territorial behavior
|
|
|
Ecology
|
The study of the interactions between organisms
|
|
|
Population
|
group of individuals of the same species living
and interacting in the same region. |
|
|
community
|
ecologists study interacting populations of different species
|
|
|
ecosystem
|
the living organisms in an area and the nonliving
components of the environment with which they interact. |
|
|
Competition
|
Negative for both species
|
|
|
Mutualism
|
Helps both (flowers bee)
|
|
|
Commensalism
|
one member benefits and the other is unharmed
|
|
|
Intraspecific competition
|
Competition between individuals of the same species. Leads to logistic growth in populations
|
|
|
Interspecific competition
|
individuals remove a resource needed by others individuals interact directly and prevent others from gaining access to a resource
|
|
|
Allelopathy
|
Plant killing off other plants
|
|
|
Competitive asymmetry
|
negative effect of competition is greater on one competitor than on the other
|
|
|
Competitive symmetry
|
negative effect of
competition is the same on both competitors |
|
|
niche
|
the space, environmental conditions, and resources (including other living species) that a species needs in order to survive and reproduce.
|
|
|
competitive exclusion principle
|
When competing in an identical niche, one is inevitably
driven to extinction. |
|
|
Herbivores
|
consume live plant material but do
not usually kill the plant |
|
|
Specialist predators
|
only eat one kind of prey
|
|
|
Parasitoid
|
insect whose larva consumes its host and kills it in
the process |
|
|
Five elements make up 93-97% of biomass of
plants, animals, fungi and bacteria |
– Carbon
– Oxygen – Hydrogen – Nitrogen – Phosphorus |
|
|
Facultative mutualism
|
species can live without their partner
|
|
|
Obligate mutualism
|
species cannot live without their partner
|
|
|
community
|
group of interacting
populations of different species living together in the same area at the same time. |
|
|
Species richness
|
the number of species in a community
|
|
|
Species evenness
|
relative abundances
compared with one another |
|
|
Shannon index
|
Calculates level of uncertainty in next species. High uncertainty= high density
H’=-∑piln(pi) |
|
|
Keystone Species
|
Small # big role (small price big taste)
|
|
|
Ecosystem Engineers
|
Help modify environment (ex: beavers)
|
|
|
NPP
|
Net Primary Production- amount of carbon stored by plants. Limited by Climate, radiation, freshwater
|
|
|
Sustainability
|
use of the earth’s
resources in a way that will not permanently destroy or deplete them |
|
|
global hectares,
|
unit of Ecological footprints
|
|
|
aquifers
|
underground layers of porous rock from
which water can be drawn for use |
|
|
Tillage
|
Leads to loss of soil after digging out weeds
|
|
|
Legume Crops
|
Suck in nitro and keep the soil fertal
|
|
|
IPM
|
Integrated pest management, measured if pesticide is needed
|
