Bio 2 1St Exam Review Chapter 23

Front 1

Taxonomy

Back 1

the feild of biology concerned with classifying organisms and viruses

Front 2

the accepted pattern of taxonomy is

Back 2

Domain DO
Kingdom KINGS
Phylum PLAY
Class CHESS
Order ON
Family FINE
Genus GREEN
Species SAND

Front 3

good to know about Taxaonomy

Back 3

Consider: Each taxa, as the hierarchical order descends, has a smaller number of species. So Order, Family, and Genus would have fewer species than Class.

Front 4

Systematics

Back 4

the reconstruction and study of evolutionary relationships (phylogenies)

Front 5

Phylogeny

Back 5

the evolutioonary history of an organism, including which species are closely related and in what order related species evolved; often representes in the form or an evolutionary tree that are constructed based on morphological anaylzsis, DNA sequences, and geographical information.

Front 6

good to know about ancestral characteristics

Back 6

Consider: A characteristic common to all three domains is all species use the same genetic code (with a few rare exceptions).

Front 7

Character state

Back 7

in cladistics, one of two or more distinguishable forms of a character, such as the prescence or absence of teeth in amniote vertebrates

Front 8

polarize

Back 8

in cladistics, to determine whether character states are ancestral or derived

Front 9

Cladogram

Back 9

a graphical representation of possible evolutionary relationships, based on polarization of characters, in which taxa are placed at the tips, not at the branch points, of the phylogenetic tree and shared, derived characteristics common to taxa above the branch point are placed at the branch point.

Front 10

the step to constructing a cladogram

Back 10

1. gather data on characters to be used,
2. establish the character states (teeth),
3. polarize the characters (ancestral or derived)
4. select an outgroup (closely related to but not a member)
5. apply principle of parsimony (hypothesis that requires the fewest assumptions)

Front 11

Clade

Back 11

a group containing all descendants of a common ancestor

Front 12

Synapomorphy

Back 12

in systematics, a derived character that is shared by clade members; best mechanism to analyze the evolutionary sequence in the development of a complex character
--> (I remember this by saying the derived (new) characters are synapy...synapomorphy)

Front 13

Plesiomorphy

Back 13

in cladistics, another term for an ancestral character state

Front 14

Symplesiomorphy

Back 14

in cladistics, another term for a shared ancestral/primitive or outgroup character state
--> (I remember this by saying the primitive trait is the most symplesiomorphy)

Front 15

Homoplasy

Back 15

in cladistics, a shared character state that has not been inherited from a common ancestor exhibiting that state; may result from convergent evolution or evolutionary reversal. The wings of birds and of bats, which are convergent

Front 16

Principle of Parsimony

Back 16

principle state that scientists should favor the hypothesis that requires the fewest assumptions; simplest phylogenetic tree should be chosen

Front 17

Monophyletic

Back 17

in phylogenetic classification, a group that includes the most recent common ancestor of the group and all its descendants.

Front 18

name an example of a Monophyletic group

Back 18

A clade is a monophyletic group.

Front 19

Paraphyletic

Back 19

in phylogenetic classification, a group that includes the most recent common ancestor of the group, but not all its descendants

Front 20

POlyphyletic

Back 20

in phylogenetic classification, a group that does not include the most recent common ancestor of all members of the group

Front 21

Biological Species Concept
(BSC)

Back 21

the concept that defines species as groups of populations that have the potential to interbreed and that are reproductively isolated from other groups

Front 22

Phylogentic Speices Concept
(PSC)

Back 22

the concept that defines species on the basis of their phylogenetic relationships

Front 23

Reproductive Isolation

Back 23

not being able to mate outside one's group

Front 24

Character displacement

Back 24

when morphological difference is accentuated between organisms because of resource competition

Front 25

Outgroup

Back 25

An outgroup is an organism that is considered not to be part of the group in question, but is closely related to the group. The evolutionary conclusion from this is that the outgroup branched from the parent group before the other two groups branched from each other.

Front 26

Moclecular Clock

Back 26

based on the idea of neutral mutations not being acted on by natural selections and occurring at a constant rate; consequently, in evolutionary theory, the method has as its basis is the rate of evolution of a molecule is constant through time and can be tracked

Front 27

Horizontal Gene TRansfer

Back 27

transfer of genes between different species, both prokaryotic or eukaryotic

Front 28

1. Arrange the following taxa in order from most general to most specific.

i. family
ii. order
iii. class
iv. genus

Back 28

iii, ii, i, iv
class, order, family, genus

Front 29

2. The evolutionary history of a species or group of species is most accurately referred to as:

Back 29

phylogeny.

Front 30

Which one of the following is not, considered a taxonomic kingdom?

Back 30

archaea

Front 31

The principle of parsimony suggests that:

Back 31

the preferred hypothesis is the one that is the simplist

Front 32

Which one of the following taxonomic categories is the smallest and least inclusive?

Back 32

genus

Front 33

Which of the following is not considered a taxonomic kingdom?
a) Animalia
b) Protista
c)Archaea
d) Plantae
e) Fungi

Back 33

c) Archaea

Front 34

In a clasdistic approach to phylogeny, a trait shared with a distant common ancestor os referred to as a(n):
a) symplesiomorphy
b) ingroup
c)synapomorphy
d)outgroup
e)shared derived character

Back 34

a)symplesiomorphy

Front 35

which of the following do all three domains have in common
a)the same genetic code
b) plasma membranes
c) glycolysis
d) a and c
e) a, b and, c

Back 35

e) a, b, and, c

Front 36

A ________ taxon consist of members of several evolutionary lines and does not include the most recent common ancestor of the included lineages
a) parsimonious
b) paraphyletic
c)monophyletic
d) chronophyletic
e) polyphyletic

Back 36

e)polyphyletic

Front 37

Many reasearchers who study Protista argue that all of these organisms should not be placed on the same kingdom, because these organisms could not have evolved from a common ancestor. In other words they argue that the kingdom Protista is
a) polyphyletic
b)paraphyletic
c)monophyletic
d)heterophyletic
e) none of the above

Back 37

a) polyphyletic

Front 38

Species A and species B are in the phylum. S[ecies A and species C, but not species B, are in the same order. From this information you can conclude that ________.
a) species C could be in the same class as species A and B.
b)species A and species B are in the same family
c) species B and species C share a less recent ancestor that do species A and B
d) all three species are not members of the same phylum.

Back 38

a) species C could be in the same class as species A and B