Bio 1B Mt2

Front 1

Echinoderms
Major Features

Back 1

1)"Pentaradial" Body Symmetry
2)Water Vascular System
3)No head, No brain
4)Touch, chemoreception, photoreceptors, statocyst
5)Dermal Endoskeleton

Front 2

Echinodermata

Back 2

1)Crinoidea
2)Asteroidea
3)Ophiuroidea
4)Echinoidea
5)Holothuroidea

Front 3

1)Crinoidea
2)Asteroidea
3)Ophiuroidea
4)Echinoidea
5)Holothuroidea

Back 3

1)sea lilies and feather stars
2)sea stars
3)brittle stars, basket stars
5)sea urchins
4)sea cucumbers

Front 4

Arthropodstin

Back 4

1)Chelicerates
2)Crustacea
3)Uniramia

Front 5

1)Chelicerates
2)Crustacea
3)Uniramia

Back 5

1)Horseshoe crabs, spiders, ticks, mites, scorpions and sea spiders
2)Lobsters, crabs, shrimp, copepods, ostracods, tadpole shrimp, krill
3)Insects, centipedes, millipedes

Front 6

Major Features of Arthropods

Back 6

1)Segmented body plan w/ tagma and extensive specialization of segments
2)Multiple jointed appendages w/ varied function
3)Locomotion by extrinsic muscle limb muscles instead of body (polycheates)
4)Exoskeleton well developed and made of chitin
5)Trachae are a novel breathing system
6)Complex behaviors

Front 7

Keys to Phenomenal Success of Arthropods

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1)Versatile exoskeleton
2)Extensive development of segmentation and appendages
3)Air piped directly to cells via tracheal system sustains high metabolic rate
4)Well developed sensory systems (compound eye)
5)Metamorphosis (allows specialization of different life stages)

Front 8

Chelicerata

Back 8

1)Pycnogonida
2)Merostomata
3)Arachnida

Front 9

1)Pycnogonida
2)Merostomata
3)Arachnida

Back 9

1)sea spiders
2)horseshoe crabs
3)spiders, scorpions, mites

Front 10

Major Features of Chelicerata

Back 10

1)6 pairs of cephalothoracic appendages including chelicerae (mouthparts)
2)1 pair modified into of pedipalps
3)4 pairs of legs
4)No antennae
5)Most feed by sucking liquid from their prey

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Diplopoda: Millipede

Back 11

-each segment has 2 legs
-simple eyes

Front 12

Centipede: Chilopoda

Back 12

- appendages of first body segment modified as poison fang
- last pair of legs are modified for a sensory role

Front 13

Crustaceans

Back 13

The only arthropods with 2 pairs of antennae
-appendages are biramous
-respiration by gills
-16-20 body segments (somites)
-carapace, cephalothorax

Front 14

Insects/Insecta

Back 14

1)More insect species than all other metazoans combined
2)3 pairs of legs, and usually 2 pairs of wings
3)Dominate virtually every earth zone, except ocean
4)Diversity in wings, legs, antennae, mouthparts
5)Flight (no other invertebrate group can)

Front 15

Competing Hypothesis for the Origin of Wings

Back 15

1)Wings evolved for flight

2)Wings evolved as thermo-regulatory structures and were co-opted later for flight

Front 16

Mollusc features

Back 16

1)Radula
2)Mantle (and cavity with paired gills)
3)Muscular foot
4)Calcareous spicules produced by mantle
Molluscs are not segmented

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Radula

Back 17

-rasping organ for feeding
-uniquely molluscan feature

Front 18

Important Features of the Mantle

Back 18

1)Outer surface secretes shell
2)Encloses the MANTLE CAVITY that often houses the respiratory organs in aquatic forms
3)Respiratory organs develop from the mantle, and the surface of the mantle cavity can also serve as gas exchange surface for respiration
4)Mantle cavity serves as a repository for waste products and gametes - PUMP (water)

Front 19

Important Functions of the Muscular Foot

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LOCOMOTION
(burrowing, crawling, jet propulsion)

Front 20

4 major Molluscan Groups (Classes)

Back 20

1)Polyplacophora
2)Gastropoda
3)Bivalvia
4)Cephalopoda

Front 21

1)Polyplacophora
2)Gastropoda
3)Bivalvia
4)Cephalopoda

Back 21

1)Chitons
2)Snails, slugs, nudibranchs
3)Clams
4)Squids and octopus

Front 22

Polyplacophora - Chitons

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1)Flattened, multi-plated (7-8)
2)Small, intertidal grazers
3)Very large muscular foot
4)Strong radula for grazing algae
5)Small home ranges (never move more than a meter or twon in their lives)
6)Common in CA tidal pools

Front 23

Bivalvia - Clams

Back 23

1) No radula, reduced head
2)Shell with 2 "valves" held together by a hinge
3)Most are filter feeders
- Gills (greatly enlarged)
4)Either sessile, or locomotion with a protrusable foot

Front 24

Gastropoda - snails, slugs, nudibranchs

Back 24

1)Large, diverse group
2)Univalve - one piece only
3)Freshwater, marine, terrestial
4)Undergo torsion
5)Undergo coiling
6)Feeds with a radula
7)In the marine NUDIBRANCHS, shell is lost completely
8)In terrestial snails and slugs, gills are lost but mantle cavity becomesa functional lung for extractign oxygen

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Torsion

Back 25

Developmental period in which the mantle cavity is twisted 180 degrees with respect to the foot.
Brings the anus over the mouth
Unclear why this developed

Front 26

Coiling

Back 26

Results in asymmetrically-oriented shell over the body and most paired organs lost on the right side of the body

Front 27

Primitive (Original) Metazoan Characteristics

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1)Multicellular animals
2)Specialzed cell types
3)Presence of collagen
4)Sexual reproduction
5)Marine

Front 28

Derived Characteristics of Bilateria

Back 28

1)Bilateral body symmetry
2)Triplobalstic (ectoderm, mesoderm, endoderm)

Front 29

Other Typical Features of Bilateria

Back 29

1)Circulatory system
2)Nervous system
3)Sexual Reproduction
4)Tissue and organ-level organization

Front 30

Ceolom

Back 30

Fluid-filled space that surrounds the gut.
Allows for:
Greater flexibility
Space for visceral organs
Becomes a hydrostatic skeleton in some forms
(All bilateria except Platyhelminthes)
Protostomes vs. Deuterostomes

Front 31

Protostomes

Back 31

Cleavage pattern: spiral
Early cell fate: determinate
Coelom forms by: schizocoely
Blastopore becomes: mouth

Front 32

Deuterostomes

Back 32

Cleavage pattern: radial
Early cell fate: indeterminate
Coelom forms by: entercoely
Blastopore becomes: anus

Front 33

Key Features of Annelids

Back 33

1)Segmented (metamaric) - seperated by septum.
2)Ceolem
3)Closed circulatory system, complete digestive tract
4)Longitudinal and circular muscle arrangement
5)Setae (bristles) used as anchors or for swimming

Front 34

Annelida Classes

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1)Hirudinea
2)Oligochaeta
3)Polychaeta

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1)Hirudinea
2)Oligochaeta
3)Polychaeta

Back 35

1)leeches
2)earthworms
3)marine worms

Front 36

Annelida Characteristics

Back 36

1)Paired epidermal setae, annelid head
2)Hermaphroditism
3)Parapodia, complex head
4)Molecular traits
5)Sucker

Front 37

Feeding diversity in Polychaeta

Back 37

- active predators
- active filter feeders
- pumps water into its
tube and filters particles in secreted mucous

Front 38

Osedax

Back 38

Polychaete that lives on bones of dead whales, digesting bones with the aid of bacterial symbionts

Front 39

Oligochaeta - earthworms

Back 39

- soil and freshwater
- but very effective setae aid in burrowing
- can be very big
- critical part of soil biota
- Many aquatic oligochaetes are important food sources for other organisms

Front 40

Hirudinea: Leeches

Back 40

- Mostly freshwater, some terrestial, a few marine
- 1/2=predacious/scavengers
1/2=parasitic
- lack setae
- have a gut that is specilaized for ingestsing large volumes of liquid (blood)
- suckers at each end are used for attachment to prey and locomotion

Front 41

Platyhelminthes
Basic Body Plan

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1)Bilateral symmetry with distinct anterior and posterior
2)3 primary germ layers:
Ectoderm, mesoderm, and endoderm
3)Body dorso-ventrally flattened. Oral and genital openings mostly on ventral surface.

Front 42

Platyhelminthes
Synapomorpies

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1)Endolecithal eggs
2)Ectolecithal eggs
3)Anterior Adhesive organ
4)Posterior adhesive organ (cercomer) with hooks
5)Loss of arthropod host. Ectoparasite.
6)Tegument covered with microvilli
7)No digestive tract
8)6 hooks on cercomere form scolex

Front 43

Trematodes
(Class of platyhelminthes)

Back 43

1) Parasitic flukes (endoparasites of vertebrates)
2) Digenea (main group) has mollusc as intermediate host and vertebrate as final host
3) Inhabit a wide range of sites: digestive tract, respiratory tract, circulatory system, urinary tract, reprod. tract
- Life cycles

Front 44

Monogeneans
(Class of Platyhelminthes)

Back 44

- external parasites mainly on gills and skin of fish
- single host, diversity in hook morphology

Front 45

Cestodes
Characteristics

Back 45

1)Holdfast: scolex
2)Reproductive unit: proglottids
3)No digestive tract, microvilli in skin
4)Require 2 hosts, adult usually vertebrates

Front 46

Factors Influencing Body Plans

Back 46

1) Environment type
2) Body size and limits to diffusion
3) Lifestyle (motile, sessile, feeding mode)

Front 47

Major Innovations in Cnidaria

Back 47

1) Cnidocytes that house nematocytes
2) Planula larvae
3) Dimorphic body plan (Medusa polyp)
4) Light sensitive organs (rhopalia)

Front 48

Major Innovations in Cnidaria and Ctenophores

Back 48

1) Diploblastic: ectoderm and endoderm
2) Radial Symmetry
3) Muscle cells
4) Nerve Cells
5) Statocyst

Front 49

Classes of Cnidaria

Back 49

1) Anthozoans
2) Hydrozoans
3) Scyphozoa
4) Cubozoa

Front 50

1) Anthozoans
2) Hydrozoans
3) Scyphozoa
4) Cubozoa

Back 50

1)anenomes, corals
2)colonial stinging polyps
3)jellyfish
4)box-jellies

Front 51

Anthozoa

Back 51

polyps only, can be large, no medusae, solitary or colonial, anemones, corals

Front 52

Typical Anthazoan Life Cycle

Back 52

eggs/sperm
planula larvae
dioecious or monoecious polyps

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Hydrozoa

Back 53

Polyps and medusae, solitary and colonial, small medusae forms, hydra, hydroids, Physalia (Portuguese man-of-war)

Front 54

Scyphozoa

Back 54

Mostly medusae, medusae lack velum; large jellyfish

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Cubozoa

Back 55

Polyp stage reduced; cuboidal medusae; Chironex (deadly sea wasp)

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Synapomorphy

Back 56

- a shared, derived characteristic
- defines monophyletic groups

Front 57

Phylum Porifera
(Sponges)
Key Characteristics

Back 57

- considered the simplest of Metazoans: lack specialized organ systems
- life style based on cellular water pump (filter feeding)
- structural support by fibers or spicules embedded in mesohyl

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Distribution of Porifera

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- Most are marine, a few freshwater
- Intertidal to deep sea, tropical to Antarctic
- Caribbean reefs

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Classes of Sponges
(classififed by skeleton type)

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1)Calcarea
2)Hexactinellida
3)Demospongiae

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Class Calcarea

Back 60

- Calcium carbonate spicules
- spicules formed extracellularly
- ascon, sycon, leucon, small species

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Class Hexactinellida

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- Siliceous spicules, 6-rayed
- sycon, leucon, unusual syncytial structure
- Deep water

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Class Demospongiae

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- siliceous spicules, also tough fibers of the protein spongin
- spicules formed intracellularly
- largest number of freshwater species
- "Bath" sponges

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Aquiferous System
- The central feature of a sponge's body plan

Back 63

- inhalent surface pores or OSTIA collect water
- pinacocyte-lined

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Asexual Sponge Reproduction

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- Archaeocytes= totipotent stem cells
- buds, aggrhttp://www.flashcardexchange.com/mycards/add/537577
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Front 65

Sexual Reproduction

Back 65

- diocecious or monoecious
- Choanocytes- sperm
- Archaeocytes- eggs
- Sperm released, eggs fertilized in situ
- swimming larvae released

Front 66

Sponge Reproduction Larval Types

Back 66

1)Amphiblastula
2)Parenchymula