Reading...
Play button
Play button
Use LEFT and RIGHT arrow keys to navigate between flashcards;
Use UP and DOWN arrow keys to flip the card;
H to show hint;
A reads text to speech;
142 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
|
abiotic adaption
|
adaptation to non-living things
|
|
|
adaptation
|
feature that has become prevalent in a population cuz of sleective advantage
|
|
|
adaptive radiation
|
evolution of many diverse species from a common ancestor upon introduction to a new environment
|
|
|
allele
|
alternative versions of a gene
|
|
|
allometry
|
change of ratio in different parts
|
|
|
allopatric speciation
|
geographical seperation
|
|
|
allopolyploidy
|
increase in chromosomes from 2 species that can occur with introduction of species
|
|
|
altruism
|
benefitting others without benefitting self
|
|
|
amino acid isomers
|
calculate how much L-amino acid isomer converted to D
|
|
|
analogy
|
similar structure/function but different evolutionary orgin
|
|
|
anisogamy
|
different sizes for each sex
|
|
|
apomorphy
|
derived character
|
|
|
aritficial selection
|
variation of domesticated species
|
|
|
autapomorphy
|
trait shared with nothing else; present in just one branch
|
|
|
autopolyploidy
|
increase in chromosomes within 1 species
|
|
|
autosome
|
any chromosome that isnt a sex chromosome
|
|
|
balanced polymorphism
|
the persistent existence of polymorphism in a population over time
|
|
|
behavioral isolation
|
courtship rituals and behaviors unique to species
|
|
|
binomial nomeclature
|
naming a species according to genus species
|
|
|
biogeography
|
study of distribution of species; geographic distribution of organisms
|
|
|
biotic adaption
|
adaptation to living things
|
|
|
bottleneck events
|
dramatic/epic events that lead to the decreased variety of allele frequencies
|
|
|
classification
|
process of establishing,defining,&ranking groups of organisms within a hierarchical series
|
|
|
co-dominance
|
full expression of alleles, heterozygous genotype has its own distinct phenotype
|
|
|
co-evolution
|
two species evolving in relation to each other
|
|
|
continental drift
|
the gradual movement of land masses
|
|
|
convergent evolution
|
similar characteristics for species in similar environments
|
|
|
diploidy
|
2 sets of chromosomes
|
|
|
directional selection
|
shifts allele frequency of variation in a trait
|
|
|
disjunction
|
evolutionary changes within a species as a result of a vicarious event or dispersal
|
|
|
biotic adaption
|
adaptation to living things
|
|
|
bottleneck events
|
dramatic/epic events that lead to the decreased variety of allele frequencies
|
|
|
classification
|
process of establishing,defining,&ranking groups of organisms within a hierarchical series
|
|
|
co-dominance
|
full expression of alleles, heterozygous genotype has its own distinct phenotype
|
|
|
co-evolution
|
two species evolving in relation to each other
|
|
|
continental drift
|
the gradual movement of land masses
|
|
|
convergent evolution
|
similar characteristics for species in similar environments
|
|
|
diploidy
|
2 sets of chromosomes
|
|
|
directional selection
|
shifts allele frequency of variation in a trait
|
|
|
disjunction
|
evolutionary changes within a species as a result of a vicarious event or dispersal
|
|
|
disruptive selection
|
more variety
|
|
|
DNA sequencing
|
comparing diff. sequences to see char. to get a phylogeny
|
|
|
DNA-DNA hybridization
|
using melting point of 2 DNA to determine how similar genes are
|
|
|
endemism
|
occurs nowhere else
|
|
|
epigamic traits
|
traits used to attract mates
|
|
|
epistasis
|
one gene effects expression of another gene/phenotypic trait
|
|
|
eukaryote
|
with membranes
|
|
|
evolutionary medicine
|
application of evolution to the researcha nd practice of medicine
|
|
|
exaptation
|
structure that evolved & functions in 1 environmental context but performs an additional function when placed in new environmental context
|
|
|
fitness
|
the abilty of an individual to contribute to the offspring of the next generations population; individual's contribution to gene pool of next generation
|
|
|
founder effect
|
effect of a founder population repopulating off the mainland, leading to less allele variety
|
|
|
frequency depenedent selection
|
when an uncommon characteristic becomes too common, it begins to be selected against
|
|
|
Fundamental Assymetry of Sex
|
female limited by ability to get enough resources to produce egge and rear offspring, males limited by ability to attract mate
|
|
|
gamete
|
sperm/egg, half chromosomes that unite in sexual reproduction to produce a zygote
|
|
|
gametic isolation
|
sperms of one species unable to fertilize eggs of another species
|
|
|
gene
|
section of DNA encoding a single protein
|
|
|
gene flow
|
the influx/efflux of gametes into a population to change allele frequencies
|
|
|
gene pool
|
all the genes in a population at a given time
|
|
|
genetic drift
|
shift in allele frequencies; gamete reporduction just sample of allele population in smaller population, no all passed on
|
|
|
genotype
|
genetic make-up of an organism
|
|
|
gradualism
|
occurance of big things slowly over a long period of time; progression happens slowly and gradually
|
|
|
habitat isolation
|
different habitats but in same community & rare chance of meeting
|
|
|
Hardy-Weinberg
|
1. infinte popuation size
2. random mating 3. no mutation 4. no migration 5. no selection AA+Aa+aa=1 p+q=1 p2+2pq+q2=1 |
|
|
intersexual selection
|
females get to choose their mate
|
|
|
intrasexual selection
|
competition between males for mates
|
|
|
isogamy
|
different genetic material for each sex
|
|
|
isotope
|
use half-life of element to determine how old the fossil is
|
|
|
kin selection
|
selection that favor altruistic behavior by enhancing reproductive success of relatives
|
|
|
locus
|
the location of a gene on a chromosome
|
|
|
macroevolution
|
accumulated effects of microevolution
|
|
|
Malthus' Essay of the Priniciples of Populations
|
population increases exponentially, while food supply increases linearly leading to a struggle for resources
|
|
|
mechanical isolation
|
morphological differences
|
|
|
Mendel's Law of Independent Assortment
|
the alleles of a gene for one trait separate independently of alleles of a gene of a different trait during gamete formation
|
|
|
Mendel's Law of Segregation
|
the alleles of each gene separate during gamete production
|
|
|
Natural selection
|
1. variation in species
2. variation is heritable 3. struggle for resources 4. differential reproductive success of variants in population mechanism of adaptive evolution editor, not creator |
|
|
ploidy
|
# of sets of chromosomes
|
|
|
polygenic
|
one character is affected by multiple genes
|
|
|
polymorphism
|
the existence of 2/more distinct forms in a population at one time
|
|
|
polyphyletic
|
some descendents
|
|
|
population
|
group of individuals of same species that can freely interbreed & wholly/partially isolate from other populations of same species
|
|
|
population genetics
|
the application of Mendelian genetics and Darwins Evolutionary theory to populations
|
|
|
postzygotic reproduction isolation
|
factors leading to the inabilty to produce a normal zygote; prevents hybrid zygote from developing/reproducing
|
|
|
reduced hybrid viability
|
genes of different parent species may interact & impair hybrids development
|
|
|
refugium hypothesis
|
formation of sub-groups as a result of some environmental change
|
|
|
restriction mapping
|
cutting up DNA with restriction enzymes & examining resulting fragments
|
|
|
rudimentary organs
|
imperfectly developed
|
|
|
rule of addition
|
chance of 2/more events that can occur in 2/more independent ways is sum of different ways
|
|
|
rule of multiplying
|
chance of an independent event occuring simultaneously is porduct of independent probability
|
|
|
sexual selection
|
sex determined differently and differentiated differently
|
|
|
sociobiology
|
study of evolution through behavior; systematic study of bio. Basis of all social behavior based on evolutionary theory
|
|
|
species
|
basic kind of organism
|
|
|
stabilizing selection
|
reduces amount of variation in a trait
|
|
|
struggle for existence
|
due to overproduction of offspring
|
|
|
sympatric speciation
|
disruptive selection & assertive mating, which can result in sexual selection
|
|
|
synapomorphy
|
shared character
|
|
|
systematics
|
taxonomy/ study of diversity & relationships of organisms
|
|
|
taxon
|
fundamental unit of taxonomy; named taxonomix unit
|
|
|
taxonomy
|
classification according to essential trait/characteristic
|
|
|
temporal isolation
|
breeding occurs at different times & cant mix gametes
|
|
|
trade-offs
|
all good traits can have bad side effects; every trait could be better but the betterment of those those traits can make something else worse
|
|
|
trait
|
variant of a character
|
|
|
truebreeding
|
the offspring have the exact same traits as parents
|
|
|
uniformitarianism
|
things happen as they do now as they did back then
|
|
|
use & disuse theory
|
if you don’t use it, it disappears since organism is related to its environment
|
|
|
vestigial structures
|
have diiminished over time since of marginal importance
|
|
|
vicarious event
|
splitting a group of organisms by a geographical barrier
|
|
|
zygote
|
diploid cell formed from fusion of 2 gametes
|
|
|
Precambrian
|
earth cools down and hydrogen escapes
atmosphere strongly reduced UV light beams down warm oceans and mineral rich |
|
|
Paleozoic era
|
increase in number of fossils
Cambrian explosion leads to marine inverts and diversity first vertebrates & colonization of land by plants and inverts early vascular plants 1st jawed fish diversification of fish 1st land vertebrates (amphipians) recorded extensive forests orgin of reptiles major extinction of marine inverts radiation of reptiles |
|
|
Mesozoic era
|
radiation od dinosaurs
gymnosperms dominate land dinosaurs abundant and diverse flowering plants appear major extinction |
|
|
Cenozoic era
|
appearance of pollinating insects
radiation of birds, mammals, and insects humans appear ice ages recorded history |
|
|
paleontology
|
study of fossils
|
|
|
homology
|
similarities due to common descent
|
|
|
homozygous
|
having 2 identical alleles for a given trait
|
|
|
heterozygous
|
having 2 different alleles for a given trait
|
|
|
phenotype
|
organism's expressed traits
|
|
|
incomplete dominance
|
full expression of alleles, one doesn't dominate over another
|
|
|
pleiotropy
|
one gene can have several phenotypic effects
|
|
|
pedigree
|
family tree
|
|
|
microevolution
|
change in genetic make-up of a population from one generation to the next
|
|
|
mutations
|
sudden heritable changes in genetic material
|
|
|
non-random mating
|
doesn't change allele frequencies but changes genotypic frequencies
|
|
|
prezygotic reproductive isolation
|
barriers that prevent the formation of a zygote
|
|
|
reduced hybrid fertility
|
hybrid is sterile
|
|
|
hybrid breakdown
|
1st generation fertile but next generational offspring feeble/sterile
|
|
|
parapatric speciation
|
populations have gene flow but strong environmental pressures as well
|
|
|
punctuated equilibria
|
long periods of stasis punctuated by sudden episodes of speciation
|
|
|
heterochrony
|
change in the timing of events
|
|
|
hypermorphosis
|
extending developement past the ancestral stage
|
|
|
paedomorphosis
|
individual retains certain juvenile characters at time of maturity
|
|
|
homeosis
|
alteration in placement of different body
|
|
|
cladistics
|
classification based on evolutionary theory using common descent as criterion
|
|
|
homoplasy
|
analogy; similar traits but not homology
|
|
|
cladogram
|
diagram of evolutionary history, showing evolutionary relationships
|
|
|
phylogeny
|
diagram of evolutionary relationships which indicates absolute time
|
|
|
pleisomorphy
|
ancestral characteristic
|
|
|
parsimony
|
least amount of evolutionary changes is the most correct
|
|
|
monophyletic
|
group that contains ancestor and all descendents
|
|
|
paraphyletic
|
group that contains ancestor and some descendents
|
|
|
superposition
|
oldest at bottom and newest on top
|
|
|
Plate tectonics
|
earth's crust divided into plates that are in motion; formed at mid-oceanic ridges and destryed at subduction zones
|
|
|
inclusive fitness
|
sum of an individual's fitness quantified as the reproductive success of an individual and its relatives
|
