Bio 1B - Diversity Of Life

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Autotroph

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posses chlorophyll and produces oxygen and carbohydrates via photosynthesis

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Heterotroph

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obtains food as saprophytes (dead or decaying organisms) or parasites

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Saprobe

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obtains nutrition by breaking down and feeding on dead or decaying organic matter

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Parasite

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obtain nutrients by other living organisms

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Mutualism

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symbiosis that is beneficial to both organisms

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Mitosis

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a type of cell division that results in 2 daughter cells each having the same number and kind of chromosomes as the parent nucleus

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Meiosis

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a type of cell division that results in 4 daughter cells each with half the number of chromosomes of the parent cell (gametes/spores)

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Haploid

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(n); having a single set of unpaired chromosomes

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Diploid

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(2n); containing two complete sets of chromosomes

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Dikaryotic

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(n+n); each compartment of a hypha contains two nuclei, each derived from a different parent

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Gamete

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a mature haploid germ cell that can unite with the opposite sex in reproduction to form a zygote

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Sperm

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a mature, motile male sex cell (compact head and long flagella)

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Egg

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reproductive body produced by female

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Spore

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a minute, one-celled, reproductive unit capable of giving rise to new individuals without sexual fusion

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Fertilization

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fusion of male and female gametes to form a zygote

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Plasmogamy

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cytoplasm of two parent mycelia fuse together without nucleus fusion

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Karyogamy

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final step of fusing two haploid eukaryotic cells, specifically nucleus fusion

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Zygote

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a diploid cell resulting from fusing two haploid gametes

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Embryo

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multicellular diploid eukaryote in the earliest stages of development; fertilization to birth, hatching or germination

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Sporangium (pl. sporangia)

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spore containing vesicle; a receptacle in which asexual spores are formed

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Haplodiplontic life cycle (Alternation of Generations)

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an alteration between a muticellular haploid generation and a multicellular diploid generation

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Haplontic life cycle

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a life cycle in which only the haploid phase is multicellular (e.g. basidiomycete life cycle)

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Diplontic life cycle

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a life cycle in which only the diploid phase is multicellular (e.e. human life cycle)

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Gametophyte

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gamete-producing plant; gamete producing, usually haploid phase, producing the zygote from which the sporophyte arises in dominant form of bryophytes

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Sporophyte

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spore-producing plant; asexual and usually diploid phase, producing spores from which gametophyte arise

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Isomorphic alternation of generations

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sporophyte and gametophyte have the same morphology (e.g. Ulva)

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Endosymbiosis

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symbiosis in which one of the symbiotic organisms lives inside the other

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Seven characteristics of living things

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1. Cellular organization

2. Ordered complexity

3. Sensitivity

4. Growth, development, and reproduction

5. Energy utilization

6. Homeostasis

7. Evolutionary change

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Prokaryota

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-no nuclear membrane/no defined nucleus

-autotrophic (possess chlorophyll & produce O2/carbs by photosynthesis

-theory of endosymbiosis

- Cyanobacteria--"blue green algae"

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Eukaryota

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defined nucleus and organelles present

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Unikonta

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characterized by their single-flagellum

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Amoebozoa

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-pseudopod (extension of cytoplasm for movement and food intake)

-(plasmodial & cellular)

-Slime molds (e.g. Physarum sp.)

-non reproductive stage moves with food supply

-protoplasm develops into a sporangium

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Opisthokonta

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posterior flagellum

-animals, fungi and choanoflagellates

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Fungi

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-heterotrophs (saprobe or parasite)

-not photosynthetic

-cell wall of chitin, terrestrial and filamentous (hypha)

-many hyphae = mycelium (pl. mycelia)

-basidiomycetes and zygomycete

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Basidiomycete

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-Agaricus bisporus

-hyphae are dikaryotic (n+n)

-hyphae grow underground and mushrooms grow on the outer edge of mycelium

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Zygomycete

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-Rhizopus sp. (bread mold)

-saprobe

-mycelium grows on bread and soft fruit

-hyphae produce sporangia that have black spores (distributed by wind)

-sexual reproduction (i.e. zygo = union)

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Asomycete

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-Candida albicans (disease)

-"yeast" infection or vaginitis

-Penicillium sp.

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Choanoflagellates

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-unicellular

-colonial (mostly)

-funnel shaped collar and single flagellum

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Excavata

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-grooves on the side of their bodies for feeding

-Euglenozoans

-chloroplasts and mitochondria

- mixotroph or autotroph

-motile

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Rhizaria

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-unicellular

-heterotrophic

-marine, fresh water

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Chromalveolata

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result from one or more endosymbiotic events

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Alveolata

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-flattened vesicles (alveoli under plasma membrane)

-dinoflagellates; two flagella, marine and freshwater, mixotrophic, unicellular

-apicomplexans; apical complex used to enter host, gametes have flagella/pseudopods, parasitic

-ciliates; unicellular of colonial, dikaryotic, motile because of cilia, sexual or asexual

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Stramenopila

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thread-like hair on flagellum (brown algae and diatoms)

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Brown algae

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-kelps

-algal body = thallus

-holdfast (anchors to substrate) , stipe, blade and bladder (tip of blade & allows to float)

-haplodiplontic life cycle

- Fucus sp.

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Diatoms

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-double shells made of silica

-unicellular

-autotroph

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Oomycetes

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-zoospores have two flagella (not fungi) one forward and one backward

-Saprolegnia sp. (fly fungus/"water mold")

-thread-like hyphae (fuzzy growth on fly)

-lost photosynthetic ability

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Archaeplastida

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plantae

-glaucophytes (unicellular algae), red algae, green algae and land plants

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Green Algae

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chlorophyll pigments

mostly aquatic (marine/freshwater)

some are symbiotic

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Red Algae

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haplodiplontic

short holdfast so shallow water

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Chlorophytes

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one of the two groups of green algae

diverse from unicellular to colonial to multicellular

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Volvox spp.

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microscopic and colonial

motile colony (2 flagella)

daughter cells found in vegetative body

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Ulva spp.

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sea lettuce

large green marine alga

haplodiplontic isomorphic life cycle

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Zygnetales

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Spirogyra spp.

-microscopic and filamentous green alga

-single spiral chloroplast

-pyrenoids store starch

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Charophytes

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closest living relative to land plants

some have plasmodesmata

do not undergo alternation of generations

haplontic (sexually and asexually)

Nitella sp.

-oogonia inside bulbs

-antheridia above the node

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Lichens

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fungi (asomycetes) and either green alga or cyanobacteria

sensitive to toxic compounds (indicators of pollutants)

fungi gets nutrients through algae photosynthesis

green alga gets protection from environment