Bio 1A Lec Phys

Front 1

What is the hierarchy or multicellular organisms?

Back 1

atoms
molecules
organelles
cells
tissues
organs
organ systems
organisms

Front 2

what is the cell theory?

Back 2

the cell is the basic unit for all living things
all living things are made up of cells
all cells come from pre-existing cells
function related to structure and movements

Front 3

how are cells reproduced?

Back 3

cell division-mitosis or meoisis
cell fusion-fertilization

Front 4

general definition of tissue?

Back 4

group of cells that have a common structure and function
connected by ECM or fibers

Front 5

What are the function of these classes of tissues?
1. epithelial
2. connective
3. nervous
4. muscles

Back 5

1. create barrier & aid in protection
2. binds & support other tissues, sparse pop of cells scattered througout an ECM
3. sense stimuli and tranmit signals
4. contractile cells that produce forces, most abundant in body

Front 6

what are the three shapes of epithelial cells ?

Back 6

1. cubodial - cube
2. squamous - flat, tile-like
3. columnar-rectangluar column

Front 7

what's the diff between the following epithelial layers?
1. simple
2. stratified
3. pseudostratified

Back 7

1. 1 layer
2. less than 1 layer
3.1 layer but looks like more

Front 8

what are the function of the following type of specific epithelial cell types and example of them in our body?
1. simple squamous
2. stratified squamous
3. simple columnar
4. pseudostratified columnar
5. stratified columnar epithelia
6. cuboidal epithelia

Back 8

1. molecule exchange-blood vessels
2. strength & protection-skin
3. scretion & absorption - intestines
4. secretion & absorption - line nasal passages
5. secretion & absorption - line inner suface of urinary bladder
6. specialized for secretion - mammary gland, kidney, hormone producing glands

Front 9

definition of organs and example?

Back 9

combination of tissues that forms a functional unit-heart, lungs, etc

Front 10

definition of organ systems and example?

Back 10

a group of organs that work together - digestive or reproductive systems

Front 11

what are function of the following types of connective tissues?
1. loose connective tissue
2. adipose tissue
3. fibrous connective tissue
4. cartilage
5. bone
6. blood

Back 11

1. binds epithelia to underlying tissues, hold organs in place, loose weave of fibers- fibroblast: secret fiber proteins, macrophages: engulf debris & bacteria
2.stores fate for insulation & fuel, contains fat droplet
3. dense, large number of collagenous fibers in parallel bundles - tendons: attach muscles to bone, ligaments: attach bones at joint
4. chondrocytes surrounded by a matrix containging collagenous fibers embedded in chrondroitin sulfate (rubbery texture, flexible support)
5. mineralized connect tissues (Ca, Mg, P) - osteoblasts: bone forming cells, osteocytes: osteoblasts trapped in their secretions
6. liquid matrix (plasma composed of water, salts, protein), erythrocytes (red blood cells, carries oxygen),
leukocytes (white blood cells, defense against viruses, bacteria, etc.)
platelets (cell fragments, functions in blood clotting)

Front 12

draw the cell type of nervous tissues - neurons and the function of the parts?
1. cell body
2. dendrite
3. axon

Back 12

1. contain nucleus
2. transmits impulses from their tips towards the rest of the neuron
3. transmits impulses toward another neuron or an effector (i.e. muscle) to carry out a response

Front 13

what are the characteristices of the following type of muscle tissues and examples?
1. skeletal
2. cardiac
3. smooth

Back 13

1. voluntary striated - actin/myosin
2. involuntary straited-walls of heart
3. involuntary, nonstraited, spindle-shaped - ususally under hormonal control - wall of GI tract, arties, bladder

Front 14

determine what type of cells are in this corss section of the stomach wall?
lumen wall
1. muscosa
2. submucosa
3. muscularis
4. serosa
outside of stomach

Back 14

1. columnar epithelial cells line the lumen-secrete mucus & digestive juices
2. connective tissues-contain blood vessels & nerves
3. smooth muscles
4. connective & epithelial tissues

Front 15

diff between tight junction & adherens junction and associate with cell in what type of tissue?

Back 15

epithelial tissues
thight junction-seal, prevent leakage
adherens junction-adheren

Front 16

diff between
1. freee surface of epithelial tissues
2. base of epithelial layer?

Back 16

1. exposed to the environ
2. attached to a basement membrane

Front 17

function of basement membrane in epithelial tissues?

Back 17

role in cellular metabolism, filtering wast, provividing routes of migration for cells during development

Front 18

what are hormones?

Back 18

1. chemical signals synthesized by one cell->release->bind to receptor proteins in target cell to induce specific cellular responses
2. both long or short distance signaling
3. control homeostasis development reproduction growth behavior etc
4. chemical composition of hormones-small molecules

Front 19

what determine the selectivity of hormone response?

Back 19

1. presence of receptor in target cells
2. specificity (affinity) of hormone binding to the receptor
3. specificity or receptor interactions with intracellular components

Front 20

what are the characteristics/functions of the three chemically diff type of hormones?
1. steroid hormones
2. derivatives of the amino acid tyrosine
3. proteins or peptides

Back 20

1. derived from cholesterol, hydrophobic, pass through plasma membrane->directly regulate gene expression
2. hydrophillic->don't cross PM, bind to receptors on the cell surface to reduce a signal transduction pathway (indirect)
3. like #2

Front 21

what are pathway of these following type of signaling? 1. endocrine 2. paracrine 3. synaptic 4. autocrine

Back 21

1. molecules secreted by cells that travel in the blood and have an effect on a target by binding to a receptor
2. cell sending signal to neighboring cell by vesicles
3. like 2 except neurotransmitter molecules release into a synapse (narrow space between the transmitting cell & target cell)
4. cell signaling to itself

Front 22

define the following terms? 1. homeostasis 2. negative feedback 3. positive feedback

Back 22

1. steady state/internal balance/dynamic process
2. change in variable triggers mechanism that REVERSE the change
3. change in variable that triggers biological mechanisms that AMPLIFY rather than reverse the change

Front 23

what's the specific example of 1. negative feedback and 2. positive feedback used in lecture?

Back 23

1. hypothalamus->releasing factors (hormones) bind to receptor of anterior pituitary->protein hormones release and bind to receptor on various endocrine glands->hormone X release and have effects in target tissues
2. oxytocin inc ->pressure against uterine opening incr -> uterine contraction inc ->oxytocin inc and cycle continue

Front 24

drawing the pathway of the following stress response? 1. short-term 2. long-term

Back 24

1. stress in nerve cell in hypothalamus->goes through spinal cord into adrenal medulla->tyrosine convert to epinephrine & norepinephrine (fast)
2. stress in releasing hormone CRF (corticotrophic releasing factor) in hypothalamus -> pass through anterior pituitary where convert to ACTH (adrenal coriticotrophic hormone)-> go through blood vessels into adrenal cortex->cholesterol convert to glucocorticoious & mineralocorticods (* neg feedback: when produce lots of these, causes hypothalamus and anterior pituitary to stop their steps)

Front 25

effects of following hormones? 1 epinephrine & norepinephrine 2. mineralocorticoids 3. glucocorticoids

Back 25

1.(glycogen broken down to gluc) inc blood glucose, blood pressure, breathing rate, metabolic rate, alterness, & dec digestive, kidney activity
2. retention of sodium ions & water by kidney, inc blood volume & blood pressure
3. proteins & fats convert to gluc (inc blood glucose), suppressed immune system

Front 26

what's the signal transduction pathway?

Back 26

intracellular molecular cascades that allow target cells to perceive changes in the environment & to mount an appropriate response to extracellular stimuli
1. extracellular signal->"reception" of stimuli-> cellular interpretation that leads to an appropriate response (multi steps) -> response

Front 27

diff between 1. hormone agonist & 2. hormone antagonist?

Back 27

1. binds receptor & induces a response ( H->R->HR->Response)
2. binds receptor with no resulting response inhibits actions of agonist (A->R->AR->Response *H cannot bind to R bec A is like competitive inhibition)

Front 28

example of 1. hormone agonist & 2. hormone antagoinst?

Back 28

breast cancer
1. E (Estrogen)->ER (Breast Cancer) ->Grow
2. Eanti (tamoxifen) -> no ER (no breast cancer0->no growth
* way of treating breast cancer

Front 29

draw the steroid hormone signal transduction pathway?

Back 29

1. steroid hormone pass through membrane
2. binds to receptor protein in target cells
3. enters the nucleus -> from a hormone-receptor complex
4. hormone receptor complex binds to specific regulatory sites on DNA
5. transcription of specific genes into mRNA
6.mRNA translated into specific protein

Front 30

what are the steroid receptor functional domains?

Back 30

steroid binding
DNA binding
receptor/protein binding

Front 31

what's proteins/materials are in the transcription step of the steroid hormone signal transduction pathway?

Back 31

DNA -> promoter of gene, HRE (specific DNA sequence in promoter of certain gense that binds the steroid receptor protein & functions as promoter enchancer site)
hormone-receptor complex : steroid bind to receptor on target cell
hormone-receptor complex can bind to pre-existing transcription factor (TF) that can stimulate/inhibit transcriptional activity

Front 32

draw the steroid hormone signal transduction pathway?

Back 32

1. steroid hormone pass through membrane
2. binds to receptor protein in target cells
3. enters the nucleus -> from a hormone-receptor complex
4. hormone receptor complex binds to specific regulatory sites on DNA
5. transcription of specific genes into mRNA
6.mRNA translated into specific protein

Front 33

what are the steroid receptor functional domains?

Back 33

steroid binding
DNA binding
receptor/protein binding

Front 34

what's proteins/materials are in the transcription step of the steroid hormone signal transduction pathway?

Back 34

DNA -> promoter of gene, HRE (specific DNA sequence in promoter of certain gense that binds the steroid receptor protein & functions as promoter enchancer site)
hormone-receptor complex : steroid bind to receptor on target cell
hormone-receptor complex can bind to pre-existing transcription factor (TF) that can stimulate/inhibit transcriptional activity

Front 35

what are the function of the following type of connective tissue fibers?
1. collagenous fibers
2. elastic fibers
3. reticular fibers

Back 35

1. strength
2. flexibility
3. cross link - connect elastic + collagenous fibers + tissues

Front 36

what do gel shift assay tell us about Steroid-Receptor interactions?

Back 36

more than one receptors can bind to same DNA (common feature in DNA) but have diff specificities due to different steroid & diff transcription factor interactions

Front 37

1. what is AIS (androgen insensitivity syndrome)?
2. its shows the importance of what three domains?

Back 37

1. a mutation in the androgen recetpor or sepcific functional domains of the receptor protein that causes male fetus to look like female
2. DNA binding domain, steriod binding domain, protein binding domain

Front 38

what is the signal transduction pathways activated by CELL SURFACE RECEPTORS?

Back 38

H (signaling molec) in extracellular enviro -> bind to receptor in PM -> within PM is the transmembrane membrane where receptor is activated by dimeriaztion/aggregation (altered receptor conformation)->goes to intracellular membrane where cellular response occurr

Front 39

function of the following categories of plasma membrane receptor structures?
1. single pass transmembrane structure with an enzymatic activity
2. single pass transmembrane withou an enzymatic activity
3. seven pass transmembrane structure without an enzymatic activity
4. multi-pass transmembrane structure

Back 39

1. contain thyrosine kinase, serine/threonine kinase, have dimers of recptor i.e insulin receptor
2. associates with signal transduction componetns, receptor interacts w/a tryrosine, TK is phosphorylated i.e. growth hormone receptor
3. associates w/signal transduction components to stimulate the production of secondary messengers to activate an ion channel i.e. glucagon receptor
4. form an ion channel

Front 40

what happen in these specific loaction of the single pass transmembrane structure pathway?
1. extracellular environment
2. plasma membrane
3. intracellular environment

Back 40

1. hormone bind to receptors
2. receptors have free lateral diffusion to contact w/other receptors -> form recetpor dimers
3.receptor kinase actived by phosphlorylation of cell proteins & receptors with ATP (use ATP->ADP)->initiate cell signal transduction pathway->cell signaling molecule binds to phosphate -> response

Front 41

1.specific pathway of insulin receptor (an example of cell-surface receptor)?

Back 41

1. IR-loose dimer in extrecellular membrane & Tryosine Kinase in intracellular membrane-> I hermone bind to each receptor making II clusters and acrive tyrosine kinase --> lead to both
a) phosphorylation of receptor with other receptor->binding of cell signaling molecule to phoshate-> active the cell signaling molecule ->response
b) phosphorylation of IRS-1 (a type of Insulin Receptor substrate) using ATP-> cell singaling molecule bind to phosphate group ->response

Front 42

how are insulin receptors diff from generic rec?

Back 42

1. rec & rec cluster instead of just dimer
2. can be prot-prot interaction or rec-rec interaction
3. insulin rec have substrate in addition to phosphorylation of rec-> both bind to cell signaling molecule

Front 43

pathway of the glucagon receptor?

Back 43

1. inactive receptor goes from extracellular envior to intracellular enviro 7 times, then stay in intracellular -> H binds to it causes exchange of GDP/GTP -> GDP off and GTP on -> active receptor ->active G protein binds and activates Adenylate cyclase then
a) GTPase occurr making P and GDP->GDP-G protein binds receptor->no longer activates Adenylate Cyclase -> back to inactive recptor -> NO RESPONSE
or
b) adenylate cyclase phosphloyation (ATP->CAMP) ->Activates Protein Kinase A (PKA) by CAMP binding to Regularotry subunit-> release catalytic subunit (active kinase) -> active kinease can trigger glycogen converison to glucose in cytoplasm
or in 2)nucleus:->phosphorylates Transcriping Factor->expression of gluconeogenic enzymes to produce more glucose

Front 44

1. what is CAMP as a second messengers?
2. 2 ways of how cAMP is a) produce or b) increase?

Back 44

1. a. mediate response: cell->CAMP->resonpse w/o hormone
b. timely wise occur prior to response *graph on pag 30 of reader
2. a)phospholyation of adenylate cyclase make CAMP
b) inhibition of cyclic nucleotide phosphodiesterase becuase cyclic nuceotide phosphodiesterase convert CAMP to 5' AMP ( waste product that's not secondary messenger) --> inhibitors: i.e. caffine, viagra for CGMP

Front 45

how is blood glucose levels regulate by hormones?

Back 45

inc gluc->insuline release from B cells in pancrease-> dec gluc-> glucagon release from Alpa cells in pancrease->inc gluc

Front 46

what is the pathway of the thyroid gland controlling the calcuim level?

Back 46

inc Ca2+->thyroid gland: calcitonin relase->dec Ca2+ because calcitonin do following 1. simulate ca2+ uptake in bone 2. stimulate Ca2+ uptake in liver 3. increase ca2+excretion in the kidney -> parathyroid gland: PTH (parathyroid hermone) relase->inc Ca2+ level

Front 47

what are the steps of the hypothalamus+anterior/posterior priturtiary hormonal pathway?

Back 47

Hypothalamus->relasing hermone or inhibiting heromone (TRH Thyroid Releasing Factor)->Anterior Pituitary->stimulation hermone (TSH Thyroid Stimulating Factor)->Thyroid Gland->T3->T4

Front 48

1. delivery of spermatozoa?
2. SEVEN UP

Back 48

1. seminiferous tubles->epididymis->vas deferens (seminal vesicales + prostate gland + bulbourethral gland = produce semen)-> ejaculatory duct->urethra
2. Seminiferous
Epidipdymis
Vas deferens
Ejaculatory duct
Nothing
Urethrea
Penis

Front 49

For males name the following?
1.gonads and gametes
2.reproductive steroids
For females name the following?
3. gonads and gametes
4.reproductive steriods

Back 49

1. testes and sperms
2. testrone, dihydro-T
3. ovaries and eggs
4. estrogen, progestrogen, testostrone

Front 50

defin of following type of reproduction:
1. asexual
2. sexual

Back 50

1. genes of offspring come from 1 parent i.e budding, regeneration
2. offsprings are determined by fusion of haploid gamest to from a diplod zygote, come from 2 parents i.e fertilization

Front 51

Male reproductive function of following:
1. spermatogenesis
2. testes
3. seminiferous tubules
4. epididymis
5. seminal vesicles
6. prostate gland
7. bulbourethral gland
8. spermatogenic cells
9. accessory cells

Back 51

1.production of spermatozoa in testes
2. composed of many lobules, each w/several seminiferous tubles
3. highly convoluted, lined with spermatogenic cells & accessory cells, development of spermatoza
4. single duct that store sperm, sperm maturation from nonmotile to motile cells
5. secret fructose
6. secrete enzymes/protesin, prostaglandins, biocarbonate, etc
7.secrete mucose, biocarbonate
*5-7 make semen
8. produce sperm
9. leying cells-synthesize & secrete testosterone for sperm development
storlie cells-converst testosterone to dihydrotestosterone (dih T)

Front 52

draw and label the all the structures of a spermatozoa?

Back 52

head
midpiece
mitochondria
acrosome
tail

Front 53

draw and label all parts:
1. image of seminiferous tubule (8 labels)
2. cross section of seminiferous tuble (4 labels)

Back 53

1. pg 35 top image
2. pg 34 bottom image

Front 54

what's the # of chrom and # N in following type of spermatocyte?
1. Parental & Primary
2. Secondary
3. spermatids

Back 54

1. 46 chrom, 4C
2. 23 chrom, 2C
3. 23 chrom, 1C

Front 55

What happen 1. before primary spermatocyte goes through the Sertoli cell bridge and 1. after?

Back 55

1. mitosis ->duplication of DNA & one cell divison ->identical diploid cells
2. meiosis->duplication of DNA & two divisions ->haploid cells

Front 56

whole pathway of one 2N spermatogonium making four 1N sperm cells?

Back 56

Basement membrane
1. 2N spermatogonium ->mitotic/stem cell division(make large copy of itself)->2.spermatogonium->mitotic amplification->3. primary spermatocyte->meiosis 1 (include DNA replication & recombination)->4. 2 secondary spermatocytes->meiosis 2->5. 4 spermatids->differentiation-(sertoli cells provide nutrients) >6. 4 sperm cells
Lumen (seminiferous tubules)

Front 57

what's the hormonal control of spermatozoa development?

Back 57

hypothalamus release GnRH(Gonadotropin releasing hormone)->anterior pituitary-> can release:
1) LH (Lutenizing Hormone)->Leyding cells:Cholesterol->Testosterone->a)T go to Steroli Cells b)T goes to Target Tissue Effects c) inc T have neg feed back on Hypthalamus & Anteror Pituitary
2) FSH (Follicle Stimulating Hormone)->Steroli Cells: Convert Testosterone from leyding cells to dHT (dihydrotestosterone)->dHT goes to spermatogenic cells

Front 58

Female reproductive function of following:
1. oogenesis
2. ovary
3. oocytes
4. ova
5. follicles
6. ovum
7. Fallopian tubes (oviducts)
8. accessory cells ( 2 types)
9. corpus luteum
10. zona pellucida
11. endometrium

Back 58

1. development of ova, unequal cytokinesis->most of the cytoplasm ends up in single daugther cell, relatively long "resting" periods, 1 potential ovum ~ every 28 days
2. organ where the oocytes are store
3. primary germ cells in ovary that become oogonium (diploid), have ~7 million during development, by puberty ~400,000
4. mature, unfertilized egg cells/gametes
5. covering of primary oocyte, form by hermones FSH
6. complete product of oogenesis, completion of meiosis 2, after sperm penetrates the 2nd oocyte
7. transport egee to where it mees the permatozoa for fertilization
8. a) granulosa cells-convert testosterone into estorgen
b) thecal cells-convert cholesterol into testosterone (estrogen precursor)
9. ruptured follicel left behind after ovulation, degenerate if no fertlization
10. protect oocyte
11. inner cell layer on uterus that ovum binds to

Front 59

what's the # of chrom and # N in following type of oocytes and what they result from?
1. oogonium
2. primary oocyte
3. secondary oocyte
4. ovum

Back 59

1. 46 chrom, 2 C DNA (true diploid)
2. 46 chrom, 4 C DNA
result of meiotic DNA duplication
3. 23 chrom, 2 C DNA
result of first meiotic division
4. 23 chrom, 1 C DNA
result of second mieotic division (true haploid)

Front 60

whole pathway of one 1N primary germ cell making one 1N ovum cell?

Back 60

primary germ cell -> differentiation -> 1N oogonium ->miotic division-> 2N oogonium -> primary oocyte (arrested in prophase of meiosis 1)->completion of meiosis 1 and onset of meiosis 2-> one polar body (degrade) and secondary oocyte(arrested at metaphase of meiosis 2)->second polar body (degrade) and ovulation->release oocyte-> when sperm enter oocyte->completion of meiosis 2=ovum

Front 61

make the following drawing?
1. cross secion of ovary include follices
2. diff secion of a follicle cells: thecal cell layer, granulosa cell layer, zona pellucida, & primary oocyte

Back 61

pg 43
1. top image
2. image on right side

Front 62

1.draw the steps of ovum development?
2. what is the function of LH (lutizening hormone)?
3. what happen during ovulation?

Back 62

1. bottom 3/4 of pg 43 & top 1/2 of pg 44
2. induces release of enzymes that break down the ovarian membrane
3. when secondary oocyte w/surrounding granulosa cells leaves the follicle

Front 63

what causes/happen in erection?

Back 63

vascular process- arteries dilate, nerve input
control by NO (nitric oxide) -> guansate cyclase -> make GTP->cGMP->phosphodiesterase -> 5'GMP
cotinuous bec neg feedback

Front 64

draw the menstrual cycle?
include
1)control by hypthalamus
2)pituitary gonadotropins in blood
3)ovarian cyce
4)ovarian hormones in blood
5)uterine (menstrual) cycle

Back 64

pg 45