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488 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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balsim fir
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spire shape, with pointy top
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black spruce
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spindly, round top
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dessication
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excessive heat can cause dessication, can cause to dry out
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in extreme heat animals
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plants can reduce leaf surface by curling leavs and also go into dormancy. Absisic acid. ABA induces dormancy in plants
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ABA absicis acid
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induces dormancy in plants
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hot days animals
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seek shade, drink more water, spend more time in water, reduce surface area (obelisk)
(Stillting)- tiger beetles move their body away from heat by stilting |
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Obelisk
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Drangon flies assume a unside down position to get sun off the head. use their back end as an umbrella.
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Stilting
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Tiger beetles, move their bodies away from sand by extending their legs.
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Shunting
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blood is shunted down in the stomach,
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Rete mirable in heat
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counter current system is bypassed, more blood down into feet to assist in feet loss
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beavers in heat
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Push blood into tails to reduce body temp
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Bees in heat
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work together to cool the hive. one group near the door, one group near the babies. Work together as fans to keep air current. Air flow puts the smell of honey in the air
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Panting
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Is a form of evaporative cooling. air is pumped out of the system, as air passes out the toung is cooled off, so the blood near the tounge ie the brain is kept cool
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birds do not sweat, bu they do pant.
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allowing more air to pass over the respiratory surfaces
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gular fluttering
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more air moving into the respiratory tract, done by owls and boobies
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evaporative cooling by bees
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rub nectar on their bodies, also share the nectar, bring nectar back to put on family memeber or babies.
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vultures cooling
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evaporative cooling, vultures pee on their legs to cool themselves down.
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moring doves
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raise their body temperature, hyperthermia. 45 degrees. one more degree would be fatal.
so their body temperature is higher then the outside temp |
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autotrophs
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plants make their own food, using a few raw ingredients and chemial components, ie cholorphyll
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animals get nutrients form
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1) plants
2) other animals |
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Animals eating plants
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herbivory. by whole range of animals, insects, birds,
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parts of plants
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seeds, tissue, saps, leaves, bark and twigs, roots, flowers, can be inside plants. Eat dead plants...(millipeads)
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detritvore
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detritous is the collective dead matter. Detrivore is the animals that eat the dead matter. ie earth worms.
species of native earth worms: 0. ice age killed all the native worms. The worms in canada are from all over the world. |
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black flie females
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brings food to animals, black flies- females has a mouth part that slashes, and has anti coagulants and they feed off the blood.
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black flie babies
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silk net on a rock in a fast moving stream. pull food in with their labral brushes.
in fast moving water, or beaverdams |
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labral brushes
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the mouth part of baby black flies, open and close while in water. filter feeders.
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black flies
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have CO2 sensors and hydration sensor, and they can hunt you down.
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filter feeding ducks
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ducks- filter feed, puddle ducks or Dabblers.
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Dabblers or puddle ducks
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filter feeders, beaks constructed- Lamalae. Ex-mallards, go upside down to filter feed,
tounge of a filter feeder adapted-barbs and hairs, and constructed for filter feeding. |
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plant food eaters
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require adaptations-
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plants sneaky ways
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flowers have created a sneaky way, for sex cells to be transefed to a another flower.
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nectar eating
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nectar eaters require long proboscis. some can unroll.
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extensible tongue
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Hummingbirds have a extensible tongues.
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Dabblers or puddle ducks
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filter feeders, beaks constructed- Lamalae. Ex-mallards, go upside down to filter feed,
tounge of a filter feeder adapted-barbs and hairs, and constructed for filter feeding. |
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plant food eaters
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require adaptations-
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plants sneaky ways
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flowers have created a sneaky way, for sex cells to be transefed to a another flower.
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nectar eating
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nectar eaters require long proboscis. some can unroll.
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extensible tongue
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Hummingbirds have a extensible tongues.
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sponges
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fresh water sponge, crunchy to feel. filter feeders
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Stylets
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Bugs have probing mouthparts. for saps
ie: Aphids. |
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bugs
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are classified by their sucking mouthparts- stylets
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Plant tissue
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major source of food. difficult to eat because of structural components. ingesting is difficult.
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Slugs and snails
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break of plant tissues with their Radula. teeth similar to a chain saw.
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Dabblers or puddle ducks
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filter feeders, beaks constructed- Lamalae. Ex-mallards, go upside down to filter feed,
tounge of a filter feeder adapted-barbs and hairs, and constructed for filter feeding. |
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plant food eaters
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require adaptations-
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plants sneaky ways
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flowers have created a sneaky way, for sex cells to be transefed to a another flower.
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nectar eating
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nectar eaters require long proboscis. some can unroll.
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extensible tongue
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Hummingbirds have a extensible tongues.
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generalist vs specialist
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generalist use mulitple plants, specialist only specific platn
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Slugs and snails
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they have a Radula-like a chainsaw for plants-
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leaf blotch miner
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eat leaf from inside out.
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bugs have stylets
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bugs have stylets. specific classification, stylet is a mouth part that is used to suck.
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radula
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chainsaw mouth part of slug
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mandibles
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caterpillar mandibles, used to tear and eat the leaf
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gastropods
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slugs, snails,
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mammals have modified teeth
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incisors to chew through wood, and celulose. durable teeth. very sharp. never stop growing and self sharpen. orange and white. The orange part is enamle, with a lot of iron. they sharpen because the front is enamle and the back part is denteen. The front stays intact and the white wears off. chisseld edge, Differencial Wear.
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Cheek Teeth
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cheek teeth, grind the food and are powered by large masseters, drive the bite. Temerporalis drives the front bite, the masseters for the back teeth
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Rabbit teeth
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have a peg pair, doble pair of incisiors,
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masseters
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muscles that drive the cheek teeth. the back teeth.
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moose teeth
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have a lower set of incisors- do not make a clean cut, they grab leaves, and tear and wrip. have large cheek teeth. folds of enamal and denteen. multiple ridges. large massaters
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analogous structures
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mandibles, radula, cheek teeth all perform the smae function but arise from differnet orrigins.
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spruce grouse eat...but have no teeth
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conifer needles of spruce tree. have no teeth.
the gizzard, big muscular part of stomach- the central coar is very small and the muscles of the gizzard start to contract and tear apart the same way teeth do. they will swallow nuts whole |
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digestion of plants
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digestive enzymes. slugs and caterpillars
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caterpillars digestion of plants
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eat and poop a lot. their droppings are full of undigested components.
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scarlet lilly beetles
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use their droppings over their body, poop on their backs.
camoflage, |
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moose digestion
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get help from bacteria living in their rumen. moose, deer, catle, have a four parted stomach. filled with bacteria that digest for them
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RUMEN
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four parted stomach, bacteria that breaks down the parts of the plants. food is regurditade and then rechewed again. called Cud. and then swallowed and broken down again.
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CAECA
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Caeca, caecum. hares, rabbits and beavers have puches called caeca. a ceacum has a massive collony of bacteria, they poop out their waste, and then they eat their poop. they eat their droppings first past through.
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coprophagy
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eating your droppings.
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grouse caeca
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long caeca
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porcupines digestion
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do not eat their droppings, have long long intestines, about 26% of their total weight.
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fruit as food
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eat the pulp or flesh and pass the seeds out. And transport the seeds.
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facultata
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not obligated to eat only fruits,
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waxwings
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swallow fruit whole, small intestines and large gapes. short digestion, about 20 minutes.
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gizzard
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splits up the parts of fruits that are digestable and not.
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finches
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eat seeds. seed eaters destroy the seed.
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seed predator
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bill size and shape reflects diet. so grosbeaks have massive conical bills for crushing seeds
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small beaks of finch
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they eat thistles seeds.
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crossbill
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specialist of seeds of cones, seeds of cones are hidden under scales, so they can pry open the scales and toung comes out and grabs the seed. The jaws open side to side, not up and down.
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grit aids
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breakdown of seeds in gizzard
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bluegays
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bluejays, hammers seeds, peck at it.
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how to animals overcome chemical defences of plants
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some herbivores sequester the toxins
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how to animals overcome chemical defences of plants
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some herbivores sequester the toxins
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saliva of insects
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the saliva of the insect nutralizes the toxins, also they can interupt the flow of chemicals in the veins. VEIN DRAIN
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saliva of insects
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the saliva of the insect nutralizes the toxins, also they can interupt the flow of chemicals in the veins. VEIN DRAIN
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VEIN DRAIN
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they cut the supply of toxins, making the other parts of the plant safer to eat
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VEIN DRAIN
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they cut the supply of toxins, making the other parts of the plant safer to eat
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Enzymes vs toxins in plant
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enzymes counter toxins, not all mamalls have them. Group of enzymes that MFO counter toxins.
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Enzymes vs toxins in plant
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enzymes counter toxins, not all mamalls have them. Group of enzymes that MFO counter toxins.
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MFO
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mixed function oxidases. special enzymes that aid in nutralizing the toixins
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MFO
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mixed function oxidases. special enzymes that aid in nutralizing the toixins
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herbivore specialaist
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red headed pine sawflies eat pine needles, monarchs eat milk weed.
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Herbivore generalists
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Beavers, moose,switch foods for a balanced diet.
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herbivore specialaist
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red headed pine sawflies eat pine needles, monarchs eat milk weed.
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Herbivore generalists
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Beavers, moose,switch foods for a balanced diet.
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change diet with seasons
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winter-moose eat balsam fir, very low sodium
summer-eat lots of aquatic plants very high in sodium- they store the soidum in their bodies. water shield is 500 times the Na then land plants. but very low in carbohydrates. they also have to eat fresh material. |
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bacteria in moose
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in the Rumen. get food and warm home
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moose and roadsides
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road sald is sodium choloride. In the spring they drink the roadside water and mudd
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animal eating animals
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advantages-protiens, more densly packed nutirents. easier to digest, and to eat
Disadvantages- effort and enery to catch, can be hard to find, and animals can fight back |
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predation predator
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eating other animals, and the animal that eats
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parasitoids
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eat animal while alive from the inside
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parasitism
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eat animal without killing from the outside
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scavenging
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eating dead animals
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to predatate
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Locate-capture-immobilize
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eyesight in predator
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keen eyesight- large number of cones-for colour, very sharp vision. Big eyes, placed to the front-for depth perception
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hunting at night in pred.
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big eyes= more light can enter.
More Rods- Gycogen rich rods aremore sentivie for vision. frontal placement for dept perception |
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Gycogen rich rods
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in night hungitn predators.
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to predatate
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Locate-capture-immobilize
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Fovea
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central most sharpest vision
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eyesight in predator
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keen eyesight- large number of cones-for colour, very sharp vision. Big eyes, placed to the front-for depth perception
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hunting at night in pred.
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big eyes= more light can enter.
More Rods- Gycogen rich rods aremore sentivie for vision. frontal placement for dept perception |
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Gycogen rich rods
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in night hungitn predators.
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to predatate
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Locate-capture-immobilize
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Fovea
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central most sharpest vision
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eyesight in predator
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keen eyesight- large number of cones-for colour, very sharp vision. Big eyes, placed to the front-for depth perception
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hunting at night in pred.
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big eyes= more light can enter.
More Rods- Gycogen rich rods aremore sentivie for vision. frontal placement for dept perception |
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Gycogen rich rods
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in night hungitn predators.
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to predatate
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Locate-capture-immobilize
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predation predator
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eating other animals, and the animal that eats
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eyesight in predator
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keen eyesight- large number of cones-for colour, very sharp vision. Big eyes, placed to the front-for depth perception
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Fovea
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central most sharpest vision
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parasitoids
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eat animal while alive from the inside
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hunting at night in pred.
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big eyes= more light can enter.
More Rods- Gycogen rich rods aremore sentivie for vision. frontal placement for dept perception |
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parasitism
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eat animal without killing from the outside
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Gycogen rich rods
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in night hungitn predators.
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Fovea
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central most sharpest vision
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scavenging
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eating dead animals
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predation predator
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eating other animals, and the animal that eats
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parasitoids
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eat animal while alive from the inside
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parasitism
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eat animal without killing from the outside
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scavenging
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eating dead animals
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rattle snakes
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infrared sensor detects heat. uses its rattle to echolocate
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how are these tools used
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-active searching- wolf, wolf spiders, tiger beetles,
-ambush waiting- |
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goldenrod crab spiders
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change colour according to flower
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traps
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third way to capture prey. ie: spider webs
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flight intercept traps
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spider webs are traps for flighing insects, must be flexible.
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Orb weavers
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build circular plate size webs.
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Funnel weavers
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build webs on the ground, look like funnel with hole at bottom,
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sheet-web spider
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bowl on the bottom with rising strands, called knock down strands. it knoks them down and they fall into the capture "sheet"
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Knockdown strands
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verticle strands that knock insects into the web below.
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webs best seen?
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At dawn, because of dew
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why are spider webs attactive to dew
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spider webs absorb moisture to stay flexible. they abosrb moistre in the air and dew.
They are Hygroscopic. |
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Hygroscopic.
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spider webs absorb moisture to stay flexible. they abosrb moistre in the air and dew.
spider sick is stronger then steel. |
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spider web facts
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6 or more types of silk, recylces silk from broken webs, by eating it. to build an orb webs takes-20 minutes.
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Argiope
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not all spiders invisible. this spider. brightly coloured. sit in middle of zigzag pattern called a stabilimentum. the thick we reflects ultraviolet light.
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stabilimentum
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the zigzag pattern at the center of an argiope spider web.
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pit fal
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pit fall trap. mole tunnel can serve as traps.
Ant-Lion larvae make pit fall traps-hids undersand and grabs ant and pulls under the sand. |
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alligator snaping turtle
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has a worm on toung
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agressive mimicry
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attracking prey using replications of other
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capture
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talons-feet of owls, hawks, osprey have special feet for catching fish, has rough skin pads called papillae-
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papillae
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rough skin on pads of tallon, plus has a reversible toe- to help
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fishing owl
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catches fish, most do not
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raptorial legs
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modified for capturing prey,
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teeth-
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mouth used to caputre prey- canine teeth needed
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mandibles
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tiger beetles- capture with their mandibles, tear apart their prey.
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modified bills for catching
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merganser bills modified to catch fish..
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tongues used to capture prey
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frogs use tongues to capture prey. tongue flick is called- tongue Flick
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also use tongues to get prey
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woodpeckers, Hyoid process, extend the tongue..can wrap around the eye socket
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hyoid process
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the process of extension of bird tongue.
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how to kill
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teeth-Carnivores-use 'shake and break"..like cyotes and foxes
Wovles use Slash and Shock- |
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Carnivoes teeth and muscles
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have have temporalis muscle and smaller masseters
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weasels
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bite into the cranium of their prey,
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cats kill by
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snaping the neck by biting through the vertibre
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Bird Hawk, Accipters
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use their talons to kill, they squeeze until their talons pierce a vital organ
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Accipiter
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Bird Hawk, eats other birds
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Snakes kill their prey---
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swallow their prey while its alive, their jaw unhinges and they can move their jaws side to side and the prey suffocates inside their body.
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contrictors
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black rat snames and milk snakes are constrictors and they suffocate their prey by wrapping around their prey and by tightening everytime the prey exhales.
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other snakes use..
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Poison-
massasauga rattlesnakes, they use venome to kill their prey. also has enzymes in the venome to help with digestion. |
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other animals that use poison
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assassin bugs and crab spiders, robber flies
digestive enzymes used to aid in digetion. Robber flies injects toxins and enzymes to kill prey |
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short tailed shew
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has a poison bite-also has enzymes that breaks down red blood cells-
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robber fly how it eats
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ingects with toxins and enzymes and drinks the insides throuh its stinger like a slurpy
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selective feeding
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only eat the parts that can be digested. like birds of prey only eat the meat leave the bones and feathers.
spiders just drink up the insides. mamals also do this, ie: leave behind the hid of porcupine. fishers are vicious, will attack a porcupine. |
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indigestible bits are
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passed through their body. hair wraps around the bone fragments, helps to protect the intestines and the stomach
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owls swallow prey whole
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prey goes into the gizzard, where all the parts get sorted out. the indigestble parts are rolled into a bowl and then are coughed out about 12 hours later- called pellet
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Pellet
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the bones and hair that are coughed out by owls
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hazzards predators face
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prey fight back. deer, moose can fight back with their hooves.
Hawks can impale themselves on branches in bushes. injury during the chase. chemicals in the environment can poison. Bioaccumulation of toxins. thousands of dead birds in gorgian bay killed from bioaccumulation of toxins of botoulism. |
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botulism
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gets into the fish and then the birds eat it.
why is botulism killing fish and birds- the water gets warmer because of climate change. zebra muscles concentrating bacteria in their bodies. |
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DDT as a threat to animals
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enivonments were douced with DDT- insects, small animals, hawks ate the insets and animals. falcons started to vanish, because of the DDT. then they stared a bredding program.
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DDT as a threat to animals
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enivonments were douced with DDT- insects, small animals, hawks ate the insets and animals. falcons started to vanish, because of the DDT. then they stared a bredding program.
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people as a threat to animals
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human persecution
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#1 problem for eastern wolf and other predators
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starvation, the predators are only successful 1 out of 10 times.
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predators are important to prey
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the predators keep pressure on the gene lines of prey
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Host
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living prey. paracites leave host alive.
Parasitoids kill their hosts |
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parasitoids
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kill their host, ie braconoid wasps on the caterpillar.
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braconid wasps
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parasitoids in larval stage that eat off the caterpillars
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Tachinid flies
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parasitoids as larvae. eggs are laid on host caterpillar.
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tactics of parasitoids
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some burry paralzyed host in ground and lay eggs in them.
spider wasps do this. larvae stage does this. Digger wasp does this |
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digger wasp
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digs hole and puts host in it to lay eggs in it.
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sereasus digger wasp
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used as bio control for the emerald ash borrer,
the serserus catches the betle, lays eggs on the paralyzed beetle after digging hole |
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parasitoids find their host
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visual searching, a flesh flu investigates a potential host. evaluates the host, makes sure it is the right size. some of them inject a special bit of DNA, that is incorporated into the DNA of the host and changes the host behaviour
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poly DNA virus
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changes the behaviour of the host. physical and behavioural changes
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ovipositor
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eggs are laid through an ovipositor. some wasps have long ovipositors (ICHNEUMON) that drill into tress to inject insects inside the tree
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ichnumon
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ICHNEUMON smell the fungus gardens or the droppings of the saw fly larvae, and drill through the tree with toxins that melt the cellulose
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pelecinid wasps
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lay eggs on June bettle grubs in the ground
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fly vs turtle eggs
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some flies rushes in and lays eggs on turtle egg. when it hatches it burrors into turtle egg and eats the developing turtle.
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parasites
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eat the host but don't kill it.
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leech
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parasite latch on and eat the blood.
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ticks
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parasites,
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ectoparasite
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ticks
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ectoparasites
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mites-
many migratory birds harbour ectoparasitic flies- flat flies are one group |
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larvae clams
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are ectoparasites on gills and fins on the fish,
they are called GLOCHIDUM- baby clams. has a mimic of a baby fish, a big fish comes along and it squrts out hundreds of Glochidia, and they latch onto the fishes gills. |
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mantle of clams
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modified mantle that looks like a baby fish, to trick larger fish to come close so it can spit glauchidia in its face.
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tick mouthparts
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has barbs, palps, hypostome
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hypostrom
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mouth part of tick
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problem of parasite
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1) death of host
2) host dones't want it on, trys to pick it off, herons have a special grooming claw: Pectinate. Beavers have a modified toe nail, a split toe nail. 3) |
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Pectinate
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specail tool on the heron for grooming
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endoparasite
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live inside the host, some are for all life stages, others are only from one stage
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Cuterbra
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a bot fly. is only parastitc in the larval stage. the fly lays the eggs on the ground. The body heat of the body makes it explode and then grabs onto the animal and finds a hole and crawls in and feeds off the flesh of the animal. it doesn't kill its host, but lives off it. makes a little hole in the animal so it can breath the air. and then it chews a bigger hole to pupate.
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sheep moth flies
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bot fly around and squirt legs inside the nose of sheep,
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Brainworm
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deer have parasitic brainworm-in the sinus. all stages are parasitic. the adults live in deer, mate inside deer, lay eggs inside deer. eggs move down into gut and are pooped out. the larve are in the droppings. the larve bourrors into a slug. the slug or snail starts feeding druing the day on leaves where the deer will eat it by mistake. so then the parasite borrors into sinus cavity.
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intermediate host of brainworm
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is slug or snail
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definitive host
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white tailed deer
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round worms or nematodes
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eg: brainworm of white tailed deer
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Fluke or flat worms
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Adult fluke inside bird, the larvae are pooped out into the water, finds a snail burrors into it and goes up the body and into the antane and causes the colour of the antane to change to a bright colour, and swell up and pulsate. Bird sees this and eats it, brings it back and feeds to babies
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scavengers
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eating dead animals, most are only part time basis.
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part time scavengers
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martens, blue jays, eagles, foxes, vultures, ravens,
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Obligate Scavengers
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Full time scavenger.
IE: Vultures. Big beak sharp. naken head and ability to digest putrid meat and large nostrils |
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small animals scavenge
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blow flies lay eggs on dead animals. the grub of the flie eats the carcasss.
beetles pair up and start to bury the carcass. male and female carrion beetles, also called burrying beetles and burry the mouse or vole into the ground. Some species cut the entire hide off the carcass and take the skinned carcass into the ground and they feed it to their babies |
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Necrophagous
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eating dead animals
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times of food shortages, solutions include for predicatable shortages
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dormancy-
food cache-seeds, berries, small mammals- the amount can be difficult to predict wether they will be in large numbers or not |
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movemnet for food
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some birds move to new food rich areas. IRRUPTIVE movements
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Irruptive movements
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large movement of birds to food rich area.
ie waxwings |
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Irruption-
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the process of a a irregular movement
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food storage
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expandable crop-
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chickadees
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the hippocampus grows larger in fall-they have greater spacial memory-they can remember hundreds of caches are-
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Shrikes
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northern shrikes store extra food when available. like mice. normally stored on a thorn from a hawthrone tree.
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Larder
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is a collection of small animals stored in one area.
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Food Pil
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A central cache- one location only.
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scatter hoard
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caches are spread all over the place, hundreds of caches
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grey jay
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stay year round. scatter hoard thousands of items. store in summer and fall. adaptations for storing food. they have sticky saliva and stick their food in a tree- they also have large hippocampus-so they can remember where they hid their food. they nest early-lay eggs in february.
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Middens
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red squirls have dozens of medium sized caches. they dry their mushrooms on a tree in the sun for about a week. then store it.
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chipmunks
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store food underground. acorns,
adapation in their mouth to carry lots of food. stuff as much as they can. |
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autotrophic
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Make their own food
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photosynthesis
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process of food creation using sun light,
need basic ingredients-sun, water, nitrogen, phosphorus, calcium |
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some habitats are nutrient poor
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bogs are one of the areas that are nutrient poor.
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heath
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plants, eg bog laural,
blueberries, have fungal partners- the fungus has hyphie that makes a network underground tie to the roots of the plants |
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Mycorrhizae
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fungus that are associations. if they are inside they are called Endomycorrhizae
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Ectomycorrhizae
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they wrap around the roots of black spruce and go in between the root cells
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importance of mycorrhizae
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they increase uptake of nutrients of N and P
they prevent the uptake of toxic components |
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Alders have a different solution for Nitrogen
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have root nodulars-filled with bacteria that transform nitrogen and fix it.
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amazing way plants get nutrients-
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Sundews are carnivorous-
They have sticky plants- Adhesive traps- the hairs produce a glue. |
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carnivorious plants
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have sticky hairs and digestive enzymes
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butterworts
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have adhesive traps, glands to diggest, lie flat on the ground.
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pitcher plants
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carnivorous- large leaves- has an pitfal traps out of its leaves- leave has downward pointing hairs that direct the inset to a slippery death slide. then they slip down into the bottom that has water and they down.
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Peristome
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the lip ridge on the Pitcher Plant. It has cells on it that emit nectar-false nectar- used to attrack ants
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Sudo-nectaries
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the pitcher plant uses it to attract ants
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Bladderworts
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carnivorous, they free float in the water, their underwater leaves are suction traps.
modified leaves- with little hairs called trip wires. if the hair is touched a little door is open and the water is sucked in. the trap door shuts. |
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Fly traps,
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Venus fly trap
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Utricles
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Utriculata- the bladderworts are carnivorus. the Utriciles are the modified leave hairs.
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different plant traps
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adhesive traps,
snap traps, pit fall traps suction traps |
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problems for plants
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shade-
grow taller to out compete, big leaves |
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big leaves
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big leaves-solution for shad
flat to the ground-angled to the sky and less energy required for structure Hobblebush- natures toilet paper- |
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chlorophyll A
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3 times more in sun plants
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Cholorphyll B
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more common in shade plants
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colonal growth
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a colony of plants- a communal Rhizome. ie: bunchberries-
lots of leaves, addapted to shade |
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Phototropism
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growing away from the shade, growing towards the light.
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tendrils
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thigmotrophic. Sensitive to touch. the vine sends out tendrils that are sensitive to tough that triggers a growth response.
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thigmotrophic
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10 x more sensitive to touch then our fingers.
on tendrils |
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negatively phototrophic
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they grow in the shade-
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trillium solutions
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they bloom before everything else does- early april.
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spring ephemerals
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grow in deciduous forests and have a very small window of growth
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coralroot
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grow in pure shade-
has no leaves, is not a green colour-the roots of the coralroot has knoby roots filled with fungus-the fungus is attatched to a living plant and steals the carbon from the living plant and the coralroot lives off a living plant through fungus |
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saproalphytes
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the old name for a coral root
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colonal growth
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a colony of plants- a communal Rhizome. ie: bunchberries-
lots of leaves, addapted to shade |
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Phototropism
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growing away from the shade, growing towards the light.
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tendrils
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thigmotrophic. Sensitive to touch. the vine sends out tendrils that are sensitive to tough that triggers a growth response.
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thigmotrophic
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10 x more sensitive to touch then our fingers.
on tendrils |
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negatively phototrophic
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they grow in the shade-
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mycoheterotrophs
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coralroot- becuase it takes it food from fungus
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Indian pipe
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doesn't need sunlight- becuase it has Mycorrhizal associations-
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Mixotrophs
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autotroph and heterotroph. has both leaves and steals carbon from fungus
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cancerroot
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has no leaves and no mychorrhiza- taps directly into a living plant-the roots form Hausteria in the cell sof other plants whcih it finds by tracking their strigolatones
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Hausteria
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formed in the cell sof plants by cancerroot
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strigolatones
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the cancerroot seed tracks the sterilatones of other plants and grows off living plants-
strigolactones are set out into the earth to attack fungus. |
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Holoparasite
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a plante that is a sole parasite. taps into the roots of living plants.
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witches broom
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causeed by a parasitic wildflower. The seed lands on the plant. It develops haustroria on the needle.
Dwarf Mistletoe is holoparasite that grows on the needles of trees. |
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small leaves
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solution to too much sun
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Disected leaves
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smaller surface area-for higer sun area
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45 degree angle leaves
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leaves in high sun- protects sun damage
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reproduction types
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asexual versus sexual
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asexual cons
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little to no diversity. a clone each time. if dramatic changes occur in environment you can be wiped out easily
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external fertilization
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when sperm meets egg ourside the body- con is no guarentee sperm will hit the body
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implexisis
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strong hug, from the male frog
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internal fertilization
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better guarentee that the sperm will
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spermatophores
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springtails can leave little packages on the ground for the female to pick up, or they explode as a female walks over it. or the male puts a cirlce around the female
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intromittent organ
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used for sperm transfer-
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pedipalps or Palps
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male spiders have boxing glove type palps used for sperm transfer. they suck up the sperm and put it into the woman
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Hemipenes
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snakes have two penises, only one works at a time.
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claspers
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the male dragonflie holds the female by her head with claspers- the male dragon flies transers the sperm from their opening into the female.
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most mamals repoduce
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using a penis, to insert. penis is stored internally, otherwise it causes problems. resitance, drag,
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birds sexual
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birds have a common opening called a Cloaca- they press their openings together and the sperm is squireted in it.
Ducks have a rudimentary penis ostrich has a penis-becuase it doesnt fly |
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cloaca kiss
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when birds mate
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Auditory advertisments
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woodpeckers, frogs,
males trying to impress opposite sex |
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amplexus
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the tight sqeeze of a male frog during mating
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how fresh water mate
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they just throw sperm into the water, clams do this too. hermaphodites
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sessile
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slow moving, or don't move. clams release their sperm into the water.
hermaphrodites |
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adagious
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insect penis
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slugs and snails are what kind of sexual being
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hermaphrodic,
they wrap themselves around each other. they gab eachother with spears, then their penis go into eachother and they have sex. some times the penis get stuck and they chew off. its called apoferation |
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Apophallation
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the chewing off of slug penis if it gets stuck
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benefit of hemaphodite
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doubles the chance of reproducing, especially if they are slow moving
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Cat penis
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it has barbs and used to stimulate
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wheel position
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dragon fly position, use claspers. role in stimulation
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parts of penis support
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-Os penis
-Baculum -Penis Bone |
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barnacles sex life
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penis has a long penis that randomly pokes around until it finds another barnacles.
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auditory advertisments
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use of sounds to attract a mate, not are vocal. some are drumming ie:woodpecker.
ie: grouse also drums with their wings. |
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Drum
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woodpeckers drum to attract mate,
grouse drum with wings |
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drumming log
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ruffed grouse use a log to drum on
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winnowing
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Snipe uses tail feathers used to make a whisstle sound. used in auditory advertising
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Stridulation
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crickets and grasshoppers use leg and or wing to make this sound for auditory advertisment. rubbing body parts together
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Crepitate
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band-winged grasshopper snap open their wings and make a crepitation sound.
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tymbals
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the plates on a circada bug.
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Circadas are also called heat bugs why...
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because they are ecothermic. the muscles can move fast enough on hot days
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toad sings
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high pitched trill, the toads have extensible throat sacs that inflate and ressonate. each toad have different voices. nostrils must pinch off.
also function as territory |
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tympanum
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male bullfrogs have large tympanum then female.
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bird song two functions
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1-territory decleration
2-matting |
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Warblers
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have two songs- one for territory and one for mate attraction
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mammals that use vocalizations to attact mates
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female moose call to attract bulls
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Rut
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the mating season of moose, calls with low frequency sounds during dawn or daybreak. the antlers of moose are like amplifiers.
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Thrash
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bulls thrash their antlers to impress the female.
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risk of courtship sounds
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-predators can hear you
-cheaters can exploit the efforts |
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Satellite males
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expoit the efforts of male calls
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female choise is a powerful component of
|
sexual selection. female choice is why males are so beautiful.
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phalaropes
|
the female is brightly coloured and they court the males. The males nest with the eggs and then the female leaves the males to look for another male.
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Sexual Dimorphism
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is the term for differrences in colours of the male and females
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Reversed sexual dimorphism
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in Phalaropes
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Polyandrous
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is when a female has multiple mates
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poligany
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is when the male has multiple mates
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two kinds of polygamy
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polyandry and polygany
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why is green good for Mallards
|
Females choose the greenest heads of males because it reveals age and health.
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house finches choose what in a good mate
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female house finches choose the most bightly couloured males sequestered from plants. means he is a good finder of food.
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Cartoidinoids
|
the colouring of feathers
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Ornaments are...
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atlantic puffin has ornaments.
Badges of maturity. two years per groove. Males are chosen with two or more groves are chosen. they do this because it means he has survived and is able to find food and will help them with babies |
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Ornaments on moose
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Antlers. just bone structures. just to impress the females. change in size and shape. fall off every year. The antlers is the fastest growing bone tissue in the world. done gowing in august.
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Two points to antlers
|
1) tines are the points on the antler
2) the palm is the flat part similar to the palm of the hand. the antlers fall off winter and then they grow back every summer |
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Velvet
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is the skin on the outside with blood vesles that feeds the bone so it can grow. The antlers is the fastest growing bone tissue in the world. done gowing in august.
they rub off the velvet when they are done gwoing |
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antlers indicate what
|
health and age.
smaller tines and larger palms equal older. symetircal antlers =good health. deformed antlers are not good for impressing. |
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antler displays
|
antler size is an indicator of strength. genthly touch antlers and they shove each other.
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sparring of moose
|
moose shove each other with their antlers. can help avoid aggression. they learn dominance hiarchy
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antler size
|
reflects STATURE- strenght and dominance
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Dobson fly
|
male dobson fly has ornamental mandibles
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Head displays
|
done by ducks, raising heads or throwing them around
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Neck Ruff and tail displays
|
Male ruffed grouse also do displays
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Aerial displays
|
mating swarms of flies, Midges often do this. circular flight
-damselfiles also have areaial displays |
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ebony jewelwing
|
aerial display-do a dance in the air. if the female likes the dance she will clap her wings above her head. if she doesn't like it she will lie them flat.
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fireflies use..to mate
|
light displays. morris code patterns to attract the females
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sycronized displays done by what birds
|
swans will do a dance together
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ritualized dances
|
cranes do dances, both male and female take part
-sharp tailed Grouse also dance, sometimes a group of females come and watch the males to choose the best dancer. Often have throat sacs, |
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LEKS
|
communal dancing grounds done by males
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Olfactory advertisments
|
chemcial advertisments called pheromones. travel a long distance
moose release pheromones in their urine. bull moose use their tongues to help detect pheromones |
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thrashing
|
the sound of crashing antlers
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rutting pits or wallowing pits
|
pits used to urinate in during rutting season
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attack pheromones
|
wasps produce attack pheromones
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vomeralnasal and the pheromones
|
some animals lick the air to get more pheromones in the their nasal passsage
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female snakes pheromone
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female snakes leave a trail of pheromones and the male will follow a them almost exactly and form mating swarms
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mating swarms
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male snakes will follow the females trail of pheromones and the males will all try to mate her
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pheromones used by insects
|
only female produce the pheromones. the males come in and swarm around her and fight for the chance with her. males have modified antane that pick up the scents of pheromones.
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moths and pheromones
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very developmed in silk moths. as soon as females leave cocoons she starts pumping out pheromones. the males have large antane to pick up the pheromones.
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pheromone plume
|
the molecules of the pheromones are more concentrated closer to the female. the males figures out the plume
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sensory pores on antenna
|
4 millino sensory pores per antenna, not for finding food, not for predators just for finding a mate.
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2nd role of pheromones
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male hares leave over the females and they pee on them. this Stimulates the female.
porcupines urinate on females from up to 2 meters away. |
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gift giving during courtship
|
waxwings-
male terns give coutship food:give fish to their females also my some spiders, scorpionflies and dance flies |
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|
why would predator animals gve female a gift of food
|
the courtship gift could be to keep the male alive, keep the female busy. Dance Flies sometimes giftwrap the food. sometimes the males give her an empty gift, and mate with her before she realizes it.
also some males exploite the gifts by being imposter females |
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fake nest building
|
male builds nests over two weeks. he finds food and builds nests. females come back and it means there is lots of food.
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Male Nass and Bluefill Sunfish during courtship
|
offer nests too, offer little cavities to the females, they drop sperm and egg into the holes. sometimes fully active males will sneak in and drop sperm before the male who made the hole can do that
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sunfish 3 kinds of males
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-young male appearance. the big males ignor them.
- female mimic -big sunfish that digs the holes |
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contact guarding
|
men will stay with female until her receptive period is over
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Long Copulations
|
sometimes bondage is used. sometimes can be coupled for a day or two.
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copulatory plugs
|
many beetles plug up the hole to prevent other paternity-
headless sperm, giant sperm, gartersperm. this serves as an Anti Aphrodesiacs |
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male honeybees ultimate plug
|
their genitalia explodes after sperm is release.
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|
flower sex organs
|
stamens-produce sperm
Pistil-produces eggs Stigma with a large Style and ovary it is a big obvious part on a female flower. |
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pollen grains
|
are the equivalent of an intromittent organ, contain two sperm and a tube nucleus.
|
|
|
how is a flower polinated?
|
the pollen grains land on the pollen stigma. a tube grows down from them down the style down into the ovaries. the sperm comes down the tube nucleus into the ovaries. inside the ovary-one sperm fuses with the egg and the embryo is made. the other sperm is food.
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double fertilization event
|
two sperm in plants. one forms with egg, the other is food.
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Anemophily
|
wind pollination. often used by grasses and sedges. not brightly coloured because they don't need to be. gown in open areas.
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|
cat tails
|
are wind pollinated
|
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ragweed
|
is wind blown pollinated
|
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|
Conifer pollen is also
|
wind pollinated
|
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|
disadvantages to wind pollination
|
not guareented it will hit target. a lot of waste. solution is to pump out a lot of polleen. its light weight and small.
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|
pollinators
|
deliver pollination
|
|
|
kinds of pollinators
|
bees, butterflies, wasps, beetles, hummingbirds, flies, bats, moths,
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Entomphally
|
when insects do the pollination
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|
why do pollinators pollinators
|
the flowers feed them. give the animals nectar and Pollen. certain animals eat Pollen.
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Buzz pollination
|
the bee has to vibrate on the Paricidal pore to get the pollen to come out.
Anther cone- female part of the flower |
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Paricidal pore
|
the pore on a flower that offers only pollen as food. the bee needs to vibrate it to get the pollen out
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Pollen basket
|
the pollen carrying part on the bee leg
|
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|
nectar
|
sugar water, but they make their own brand of nectar. some strong some dilute.nectars change in concentration throughout the day to evaporation
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|
|
nectaring
|
the process of an animal taking up nectar
|
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|
nectaries
|
small sleves where the nectar is produced and held. buttercup has this.
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shallow cups
|
nectar can also have cups, access for all to gain access.
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|
long spurs
|
columbine has special nectar leaves that is in the back of the flower pettals. need a long tongue to get access to it.
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cardinal flowers
|
long spur but bees ignore them. they attrack hummibirds.
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|
flowers advertize-
|
visual cue from distance. colour and form create the cue. yellow, orange, purple,
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|
|
different insects prefer different colours
|
bees prefer blue flowers. insects see color differently. green is seen as grey and yellow is seen more as red. red is unseen by many insects
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|
scents of flowers
|
odours to help attract insects and guide insects to the flower. some plants on ly release their scents at different times of day-ie Primrose attracks moths--smells at dusk
|
|
|
brewed sight mimicry, deception
|
spells like rotting fungus. attacks
or rotting flesh- attracks animals that lay eggs |
|
|
close range guidance
|
visual patterns that guide insects to nectar. insects can see ultraviolet light. buttercup has guidance pattern that we cannot see.
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|
self-sterility or self incompatibility
|
the plants are adversive to its own pollen,
she can misdirect pollen if it goes down the stylus. or cut it off so it dies. Pollen clutter can happen blocking the good pollen |
|
|
Spactial separation of the sexes in flowers with both sexes
|
a) on same plant-male flowers are usually near the bottom of the tree and the females at the top
2) spatial placement of the sex organs- the flowers can force the animal travel through the flower in specific ways. like when it is closed up. 3)pouch petal-bee led up inside the petal-and it exits through the staminode-female stigma first and then male. |
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la bellum
|
pettal
|
|
|
monoecious
|
plant that has same sexes
|
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diocious
|
only male or only female plants
|
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|
spatial separation
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sexes are seperated because they are different plants.
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Temporal seperation
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ie:bladder campion-pollen is released and the staymans wither. then the stigma matures.
ie: jewelweed starts off as males-then female |
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Dichogamy
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plant goes through a temporal sex change.
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potandry
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male first
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HeteroStyly
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the sex organs apear in different ways in a particle flower.
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Distyly
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2 forms of herterostyly
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Tristyly
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involves 3 forms of herterostyly
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pollinarium
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the entire structure. pollinia the polleen sac.
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polinaria
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sadlebags of polleen on milkweed
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bashing stamens
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when the insect steps on the plant, the staymens bash up and cover the insect with polleen
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brood site deception
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red trilliums smell like rotting flesh-attract flies drawn to carrion.
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Pseudopollen of the Grass Pink
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the animal lands on the petal and then it colaps and is pushed down to the stigma and then to the male part- slam dunk
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pseudonectaries
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fake nectar
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helleborine rease odours
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a plant under attack releases the odours of plant under attack, attracks predatory wasps.
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queen anne lace
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dark purple flower in the midde, acts as a deecoy or a lure?
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bunchberries
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explode like landmines. fastest moving plant. the pollen explodes up
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twayblades
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exploding pollen
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white water lilly
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opens first as a female. in the afternoon it closes up- and the flies are trapped inside. changes sex. then pulls down underwater to seed
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Protogyny
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femal first
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self-pollinate
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some flowers have a ground level flower that will self pollinate incase the top flowers cannot
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Cleistogamous flowers
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are the flowers that have smaller self pollinating flowers for guarenteed seed production
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spring emphemerals
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BLOOM early spring
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protection of seeds
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until ready the seed is protected. ie: cones, long of cones
-hard coats on seeds. chemical protection- with terpenoids |
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lignum
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hard casing of seeds
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chemical protection of seeds
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protected with terpenoids, bitter tasting. Aposematic colouration
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seed dispersal
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seeds are released. advantage of seeds to be moved away from mother plant.
-avoid competition -less chance of inbreeding -better chance of survival from predators -better chance of survival from disease or parasites |
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how are seeds sent off?
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depends on environment?
Abiotic foreces-wind: open areas generally use wind to move seeds called Anemochory- light weight, something to catch wind. |
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Abiotic forces
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the wind is abiotic and sends wind off.
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Anemochory
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wind dispersal- con of wind blown-missing the target habitat.
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zoochory
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seed transportation via animals- have to be sticky, hooks, stick-tight, ie:burrs
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Stick-tight
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seeds that stick tight to animals
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Endozoochory
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transport from inside animals. fruits are eaten and the seed is pooped out in different places. the colour changes and sugars are produced.
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seed survival of endozoochory
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the seeds have to survive
-teeth -acid stomach -amonia in droppings |
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how do trees disperse seeds
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some have sails
some have keys |
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indian pipe
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mature in autumn, and point upwards.
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queens anne lace
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closes up on cloudy days and opens on dry days
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spring ephermerals spread their seeds...
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spread their seeds by ants.the take the seeds to thier homes. and put them in the garbage pile after they eat the elaiosomes
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elaiosomes
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the part of spring empherals.
bribe for ant dispersal/ |
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plant splash cup dispersal
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using rain drops
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boom or bust strategy
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abort seeds if environmental conditions are poor
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ephemeral ponds
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freeze tolerant frogs- lay legs first and then leave
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the sex of turtles
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the temperature of soil causes the sex of turtles
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capitulum
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the cap on the walking sticks eggs that ants eats. the ant takes it underground and protects it.
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ovoviviparity
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the eggs are held inside until they hatch. the snakes come out. they do not guard them.garter snakes do this.
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some animals guard their eggs
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five lined skinks. eggs are laid under flat rocks. and guards the eggs.
-some red backed salamanders guard eggs too:lay eggs in rotting logs. |
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capitulum
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the cap on the walking sticks eggs that ants eats. the ant takes it underground and protects it.
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wolf spiders and their eggs
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female lays eggs in a sac. and there are hundreds of eggs. the female attaches the egg sac to her back and a carries it around. when the eggs hatch the babies carwl on to her back and she carries them around for a week.
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ovoviviparity
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the eggs are held inside until they hatch. the snakes come out. they do not guard them.garter snakes do this.
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some animals guard their eggs
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five lined skinks. eggs are laid under flat rocks. and guards the eggs.
-some red backed salamanders guard eggs too:lay eggs in rotting logs. |
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Nursery Web spiders and their eggs
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they carry their eggs around in their mouth. do not eat. she builds a special web called nursery web. she guards the web
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wolf spiders and their eggs
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female lays eggs in a sac. and there are hundreds of eggs. the female attaches the egg sac to her back and a carries it around. when the eggs hatch the babies carwl on to her back and she carries them around for a week.
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Nursery Web spiders and their eggs
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they carry their eggs around in their mouth. do not eat. she builds a special web called nursery web. she guards the web
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R-stragegy
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many many ofspring
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K-Stragegy
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few ofspring. lots of investment
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Precocial young
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means animals that can walk and open eyes
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biparental care
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both parents watch the young and care. like foxes
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pack care of young
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social animals cooperatively raise pups in rendevous sites. the pups are left in the open and the adults go out to hunt.
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Altricial
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born very vulnverable and very small. protect cubs for 1.5 years. bears mate in june and give birth in January but their gestation is only 2 months-the egg is fertilized at mating. and floats around in the uterous for months. delayed implantation
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Opossum babies
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the pregnancy of oppossum, is 12 days. blind, legs underdevloped. climb up females belly and go inside the pouch. aplacental animals. marsupials. the litter lives in the pouch. pouch closes up for pretection. inside there is nipples. which swells and the babys mouth gets stuck on the nipple. the nipple gets long too. foot long nipples
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moose pregnancy
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is 8 months placental animals
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delayed implations
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mate at good time, and give birth at good time. implation of egg is delayed
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fisher reproduction
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they mate but the implantation happens almost 10 months later. delayed implantation
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bat gestation
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Bats make in summer and give birth the next spring. their gestation is only 40 days long. they delay fertilzation. they store the sperm.
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bees and sperm
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bees store sperm and use their sperm the whole year. unfertilized eggs are male
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eggs as investment
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shells require lots of calcium and the yolk is protein.
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elaborate nests
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smaller yolk, the babies are born helpless and are cared for by parents. they are called nestleings
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simple nests
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almost 50% yolk, when they are born the babies are independant and are precocial chicks
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how to hatch eggs
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heat, and brood hatches. are featherless heating patches
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female ducks and grouse and incubation
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they do all the incubation. males leave after mating.
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Phalaropes and incubation
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the males do all the incubation.
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nest sanitation
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parental care is keeping the nest clean. cleaning up the poop. nestling birds poop is produced in little bags, fecal sacs
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faecal sac
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the nestling birds poop omes out in a little sac
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why hawks add green conifer to nest
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possibly because when the greens decompose they emitt chemicals that can keep away parasites
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nest defense
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parental care by attack, vomit dead fish or poop, mobbing, and also distraction displays
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distraction displays
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killdeer do a injured pretending flop around pathetically.
to get the animal away. broken wing acts, female ducks too, rodent run |
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rodent run
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smaller birds run around like a rodent
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young can be led to safty
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ducks led to safety, not all young might not be hers. sometimes ducks place eggs inanother nest. Egg dumping.
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brood amalgamation
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broods bring their families together.
saftey in numbers |
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creching
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brood amalgation.
the group is called crech |
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litter reduction
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can happen by letting babies die.
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Brood Reduction
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can occur in eagles, oldest baby will kill the smallest one.
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siblicide
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when olders kills the youngest
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infanticide
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can kill the neighbours young. sometimes they kill their own babies too. food purposes
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the bruce effect
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spontanious abortion, kill the young. making sure their investment has return, smell of strange males urine can trigger this
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Female tree swallow remates
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new male kills all of her young. they remate and the male will help her raise her new babies
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Male lions
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kill babies and will remate with
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Cowbirds
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never build nest, never
raised as foster birds. Obligate brood parasites. |
