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67 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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element
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substance that cannot be broken down to other substances
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compound
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consisting of 2 or more elements
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living things are composed of 6 elements
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-carbon
-nitrogen -hydrogen -oxygen -phosphorus -sulfur |
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atomic number
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number of protons
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mass number
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total number of protons and neutrons
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bohr model
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basic atom model
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ionic bond
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-atom gains or loses one/more electron
-result from electrical attraction of opposite charges -cation -anion -bond is weak, so salts dissolve in water |
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cation
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positive charged ion
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anion
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negative charged ion
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covalent bond
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-formed when 2 atoms share pair of electrons
-hydrogen and hydrogen -carbon atoms have 4 electrons in outer shell-from bonds with 4 other atoms -strongest bond |
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electronegativity
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-attractive force that atomic force exerts on electrons
-strongest is oxygen |
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hydrogen bonds
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-attraction between the E- end of one molecule and E+ hydrogen end of another molecule
-form between water molecules -also give water cohesive strength or cohesion |
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cohesive strength or cohesion
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water molecules resist coming apart when placed under tension
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hydrophillic
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-water loving
-polar molecules become seperated and surrounded by water molecules -any polar molecule can interact with any other polar molecule through hydrogen bonds -ie.salt |
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hydrophobic
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-water hating
-non polar interactions between them -ie. oil in water |
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chemical reactions
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-making and breaking of chemical bonds
-occur when atoms have enough energy to combine, or change, bonding partners |
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reactants
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starting molecules of a chemical reaction
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products
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final molecule of chemical reaction
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hydrophobic interaction
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interaction of non polar substance in presence of polar substance
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van der waals interaction
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hold nonpolar hydrocarbons when close together
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Acids and bases
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-hydrogen atom in a hydrogen bond between 2 water molecules can shift from 1 to the other
-hydrogen atom leaves its electron bond and is transferred as a proton, or hydrogen ion [H+] |
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hydronium ion (H3O+)
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-molecule with extra proton
-represented [H+] |
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hydroxide ion (OH-)
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molecule that lost a proton
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acid
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-substance that increases H+ concentration in solution
-acidic solution have pH values less than 7 |
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base
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-substance that reduces the H+ concentration in solution
basic solution have pH values greater than 7 |
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pH scale
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-describe whether solution is acidic or basic
-pH = measurement of H+ |
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buffers
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substances that minimize changes in concentrations of H+ and OH- in solution
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polar covalent bond
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-if atoms have different electonegativities, electrons tend to be near the most attractive atom
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non polar covalent bond
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-if 2 atoms have similar electronegativities, they share electrons equally
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surface tension
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-measure of how hard is to break surface of liquid
-surface tension related to cohesion |
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functional groups
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-small groups of atoms with specific chemical properties
-1 biological molecule may contain many functional groups |
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hydroxyl function
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- R-OH
-polar. hydrogen bonds dissolved in water, enables link to other molecule -ie. ethanol |
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aldehyde function
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- R- O=C-H
- C=O group very reactive. important in building molecule and in energy releasing reactions -ie. aldehydes |
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keto function
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- R- O=C - R
-C=O group important in carbohydrates and in energy reaction -ie. ketones |
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carboxyl function
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- R- O=C-OH (-COOH)
-acidic. ionizes in living tissues to form -COO- and H+ -keto-carbonyl in C skeleton -aldohyde-carbonyl in end -ie. carboxylic acids (vinegar) |
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amino function
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- R- H-N-H (-NH2)
-need amino for proteins -ie. amines (glycerine) |
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sulfhydrl fuction
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- R-SH
-stabilizes protein structure -ie. thiols (cystene) |
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phosphate function
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- oPOS-
-lipids main in cell -ie. organic phosphate (glycerol phosphate) |
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methyl function
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- CH3
-methylated -5 methy cytidine -in dna -in cancer treatment |
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metabolism
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-sum total of all chemical reactions occurring in biological system at a given time
-metabolic reactions involve energy changes |
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Potential energy
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energy of state or position, or stored energy
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kinetic energy
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-energy of movement( type of energy that does work) that makes things change
-energy can be converted from 1 form to another |
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anabolic reactions
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-link simple molecule to complex
-require energy inputs |
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catabolic reactions
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-break down complex molecules into simple
-ie. eating a big protein meal into amino acid used for muscle building |
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macromolecules
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-big molecules
-made up of polymers made up of covalent bonding of monomers -polymers formed and broken down in reactions involving water -condensation and hydrolysis ie. polymer->monomers -carbohydrates-sugars -lipids-fats -protein- amino acids -nucleic acids-nucleotides |
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condensation
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-removal of water links monomers together
-making -dehydration reaction |
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hydrolysis
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-addition of water breaks polymers into monomers
-breaking |
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carbohydrates
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-sugar molecules
-Cn(H2O)n1 -source of energy stored -function of structural molecules give organisms shape ie. store glycogen in plant cellulose -serve as recognition or signaling molecules that trigger specific biological repsonses -transport stored energy -monomer:simple sugars -> mono saccharides -polymers -> polysaccharides |
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mono saccharides
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-hydrophillic
-simple sugars -pentoses -hexoses |
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pentoses
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-5 carbon sugars
-ribose and deoxyribose are backbones of RNA and DNA |
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Hexoses
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-6 carbon sugars
-(C6 H12 O6) -include glucose, fructose, mannose, and galactose |
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dissacharide
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-monomer + monomer
-2 sugars -ie. sucrose -covalently bonded by condensation reactions that form glycosidic linkages |
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starches (polysaacharides)
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-glucose+glucose+glucose etc. (lean)
-family of polysaccharide of glucose |
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glycogen (polysaccharides)
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-highly branched polymer of glucose
-main energy of glucose |
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cellulose (polysaacharides)
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-most abundant carbon containing biological compound on earth
-glucose+glucose,etc.+ branches of glucose -store energy of plants -cant digest by humans but cows can |
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lipids
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-fats- hydrophobic because of nonpolar covalent bonds
-when close together, weak but additive van der waals interaction hold them together -hydro carbons, -made up of carbon,oxygen,hydrogen -function to protect organs and energy -dehydration is synthesis of fat -vary in length and number and locations of double bonds -saturated and unsaturated fatty acids |
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saturated fatty acids
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-bad fat
-maximum number of hydrogen atoms possible and no double bonds (all single bonds) -solid in room temp |
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unsaturated fats
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-good fat
-have 1 or more double bonds -liquid in room temp |
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tryglycerides
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-need 1 glycerol and 3 fatty acids
-need 3 condensations reactions |
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lipids are hydrophobic molecule
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-fatty acids are amphipathic; they have hydophillic end and a hydrophobic tail
-make phospholipid |
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phospholipid
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-2 fatty acids and phosphate compound
-bound together by glycerol and choline -make cell membranes -in aqueous enviroment they form bilayer -nonpolar,hydophobic tail pack together and phosphate-containing head face outward when interact with water -form phospholipid bilayer structure |
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protein monomers
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-amino acids
-amino and carboxylic acid functional group -R group differs in each amino acid H3 N+ - C - COO- -20 different |
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amino acids with polar but uncharged side chains (hydrophillic)
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-serine=Ser
-therionine=Thr -asparagine=asn -glutamine=gln -tyrosine=tyr |
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amino acid special cases
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-cysteine=cys
-glycine=gly -proline=pro |
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amino acids with non polar hydrophobic side chains
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-alanine=ala
-isoleucine=Ile -leucine=leu -methionine=met -phenylalanine=phe -tryptophan=trp -valine=val |
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amino acids with electrically charged hydrophillic side chains
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positive
-arginine=arg -histidine=his -lysine=lys negative -aspartic acid=asp -glutamic acid=glu |
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functions of proteins
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-enzymes = catalytic protein
-defensive proteins = antibodies -hormonal and regulatory proteins= control physical processes -receptor proteins= receive and respond to molecular signals -storage proteins= store amino acids -structural proteins- physical stability and movement (muscles) -transport proteins = carry substances (hemoglobin->oxygen) -genetic regulatory proteins= regulate when,how, and to what extent a gene is expressed |
