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57 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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How do you start Urine flow?
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Parasympathetic stimulation relaxes sphincter, & contracts the bladder
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How do you stop Urine flow?
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Sympathetic stimulation constricts internal sphincter, & somatic stimulation constricts external sphincter
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What characteristic of the kidney allows constant access back into the blood stream?
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The Nephron is surrounded by arteries
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What is Urinary Reflux?
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the backwards flow of urine from bladder up to the kidneys.
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What causes Urinary Reflux?
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Ureter doesn't travel through enough of the bladder wall to be compressed when the bladder fulls with urin.
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What It filtered by the nephron?
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little stuff (solutes) H+ ect
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What doesn't get filtered by the nephron?
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Proteins (blood), big stuff
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Net Filtration equation
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Filtration + Secretion - reabsorption
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Glomerulus
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filtration
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Proximal convoluted Tubule
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Reabsorbtion
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Loop of Henle
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Concentrate; medulla
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Descending/ Ascending limb
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Countercurrent multiplier
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Macula Densa
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gauge flow
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Distal convoluted Tubule
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fine tuning of Na+ reabsorption
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Collecting duct
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Variable water absorption
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Dehydration
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ADH binds to Collecting duct and more water is absorbed back into plasma. COncentrated urine
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What happens to HP when Blood Pressure increases in the afferent arteriole?
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More fluid enters Bowman;s space and more gets filtered
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Where does water flow when Osmotic pressure increases?
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water follows high solute concentration
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label the male anatomy diagram
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a: Testis, b: scrotum, c: epididymus, d: Bulbourethral Gland, E: prostate, F: Seminal Vesicle, G: Bladder, H: Ductus Deferens, I: Urethra, J: Penis
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Cremaster
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Muscle the surrounds the Testes
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Sertoli and Leydig Cells
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Specific cells that aid in sperm development
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Bulbourethral Gland
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Secretes a basic solution that buffers the natural acidity of the urethra caused by the urine.
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What is Testosterone responsible for in the male
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the development of Male secondary sex characteristics
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What Hormone decreases GnRH production?
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LH and Testosterone
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What hormone triggers Spermatogenesis?
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FSH
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What does the serum testosterone level Vs. time graph look like over a span of weeks?
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steady
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What could happen if a male produced excess inhibin?
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He will still be phenotypically male but he will be sterile.
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what does inhibin do?
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Inhibin's negative feedback decreases FSH and thus affects spermatogenesis
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Gonad (female reproduction)
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haploid gamete (egg). Ovary
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Ducts (female reproduction)
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transport egg and supply nutrients for the embryo: fallopian tubes, uterus, vagina
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External genitalia (female reproduction)
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arousal, aid transfer of sperm: clitoris, labia
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What is the cycle of follicles in the Ovary?
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primordial follicles --> primary follicles --> secondary follicles --> tertiary follicle
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what does the tertiary follicle release?
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secondary oocyte
released from? |
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Corpus luteum
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formed by follicular cells after release secondary oocyte
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What happens to the CL if the egg isn't fertilized?
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The CL regresses, turns into scar tissue on ovaries and stops secreting progesterone and estrogen so LH and FSH come back up to stimulate the next round of follicles and the uterine lining sloughs off
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What happens to the CL if the egg is fertilized?
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The CL keeps producing progesterone to keep the system down so that females don't ovulate another secondary oocyte
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Where is the egg released and how does it get into the fallopian tube?
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It is released into space and the fimbriae sweeping action, sweeps the egg into fallopian tube
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What are the layers of the endometrium?
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the stratum functionalis & the stratum basalis
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Which layer of the Endometrium lining sloughs off when the egg is not fertilized?
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The stratum finctionalis
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What is the stratum functionalis?
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layer of endometrium lining that contains capillaries and uterine glands it is the layer that supplies nutrients to the embryo when the egg is fertilized
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What causes the stratum functionalis to slough off?
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When the CL regresses, progesterone and estrogen no longer are secreted, p&E are needed to promote uterine lining, so when their levels drop the layer sloughs off (menstruation)
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Homologs of female and male that keep vestibules moist
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Paraurethral glands:: prostate gland
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Homologs of female and male that moisten and lubricate to reduce friction and tearing in vagina
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greater vestibular glands:: bulbourethral glands
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the clitoris is to the labia in the female as the ----- is to the ------- in the male
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penis is to the scrotum
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What releases GnRH?
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The Hypothalamus
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What releases LH & FSH?
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The anterior pituitary
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If you take a sample of blood from your arm which hormone can you NOT detect? Which can you detect?
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Not GnRH; can detect LH & FSH
GnRH is only found in the pituitary portal vasculature (blood vessels that connect the hypothalamus to Ant Pit) |
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What hormone do developing follicles produce?
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Inhibin
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What does inhibin do?
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inhibits FSH which produces follicles
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What to growing follicles secrete?
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low levels of estrogen
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What is the effect of low levels of estrogen secreted by growing follicles?
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Inhibit LH before day 10 of cycle
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What is secreted by the CL and what is its effect?
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Progesterone, which inhibits GnRH
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Where is positive feedback seen in the female reproductive cycle?
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Developing follicles secrete high levels of estrogen (after day 10) which causes LH surge
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What are the phases of the ovaries?
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Follicular phase & luteal phase
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what is the follicular phase?
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as follicles grow they secrete estrogen and inhibin which inhibits FSH. At the same time it switches from low levels of estrogen to high levels of estrogen which leads to the LH surge which causes ovulation
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what is the luteal phase?
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the CL forms and secretes progesterone which inhibits GnRH and keeps LH and FSH low. CL turns into corpus albican that can't produce P and E so LH and FSH levels rise and stimulate next round of follicle development
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Explain the effects of hormones on the Endometrium
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Progesterone and estrogen from the CL act on secretory glands of the endometrium to build lining to create environment for future embryo. IF there is no fertilization CL regresses and stops producing E & P --> causes period
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