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353 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Science
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- create FACT based explanations
- INQUIRY (collect knowledge through experimentation) |
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Biology
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study of life AT ANY LEVEL
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Molecule
(Levels of Organization) |
made of atoms, build cells
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Cells
(Levels of Organization) |
simplest entity w/ properties of life
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Tissue
(Levels of Organization) |
group of cells w/ similar function
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Organ
(Levels of Organization) |
structure w/ +2 tissues performing a specialized function
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Organism
(Levels of Organization) |
individual, free-living entity
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Population
(Levels of Organization) |
group of organisms of SAME species
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Community
(Levels of Organization) |
populations of DIFFERENT species interacting in a given region
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Ecosystem
(Levels of Organization) |
living community + its environment
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Biosphere
(Levels of Organization) |
all ecosystems
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Evolution
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change in properties of a POPULATION of organisms over the course of generations
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Evolutionary Genetics
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focus on genes/alleles
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Evolutionary Systematics
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what species can be used for an advantage
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Evolutionary Biology
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changes undergone by a species
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Ecology
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study of the interactions between organisms and their environment
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Types of Ecology
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1. Organismal ecology
2. Population ecology 3. Landscape ecology 4. Community ecology 5. Ecosystem ecology |
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Foundations of Modern Biology
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1. Cell Theory
2. Evolution 3. Gene Theory 4. Homeostasis 5. Behavior |
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Cell Theory
(Foundations of Mod Bio) |
- basic structure of all living orgs
- distinct entities, building blocks - come from preexisting cells - similar chem composition - most chem reactions of life occur w/in |
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Evolution
(Foundations of Mod Bio) |
- what is history of life?
- what are causes of evolution? |
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Universal Triplet Code
(Gene Theory = Foundations of Mod Bio) |
"Life's Blueprint"
all living orgs have same code |
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Genome
(Gene Theory = Foundations of Mod Bio) |
sum total of DNA molecules in cell
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DNA
(Gene Theory = Foundations of Mod Bio) |
DNA molecules made of nucleotide subunits
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Coding for different proteins [DNA]
(Gene Theory = Foundations of Mod Bio) |
transcription + translation
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Proteins
(Gene Theory = Foundations of Mod Bio) |
- complex molecules
- Enzymes = catalyze chem reactions |
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Homeostasis
(Foundations of Mod Bio) |
regulate internal environment
- temp - salt balance - nutrients - waste material |
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Behavior
(Foundations of Mod Bio) |
organisms interact w/ each other + environment
-- conflict + cooperation -- |
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Scientific Method
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1. observations
2. ask questions 3. form hypothesis 4. make predictions 5. test predictions |
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Hypothesis
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tentative answers to questions
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Theory
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explanation of a set of related observations or events BASED UPON proven hypotheses + VERIFIED multiple times
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Null Hypothesis
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result if none of hypotheses prove true
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Pacific Tree Frog Experiment
(Scientific Method) |
deformity; riberoia infection causes deformities
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Coral Snake Experiment
(Scientific Method) |
- cryptic + aposematic coloring changes which snakes are eaten by birds
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Components of a
Scientific Theory |
1. simple unifying idea
2. logically consistent 3. logically falsifiable 4. limited by explicit boundary conditions |
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Early Atmosphere
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No 02
Hydrogen gas Ammonia Methane Water vapor (hark, angels made water) New studies: CO2, H2S, sulfur dioxide |
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Primordial Soup Hypothesis
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Miller-Urey experiment
create basic building blocks of life under conditions mimicking early Earth |
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Miller-Urey Experiment created...
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1. amino acids
2. purines 3. pyrimidines |
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Necessities to SYNTHESIZE LIFE
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1. membrane (protection, cohesion)
2. genetic system (control function) 3. Metabolism (draw E) |
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How many strands are in DNA?
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2
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Nucleic Acids in DNA?
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A
C G T |
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Order of Operation for DNA
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Transcribed --> Translated --> make proteins
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Necessary to create reactions for DNA creation?
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enzymes
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Number of strands in RNA?
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1
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Nucleic Acids in RNA?
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A
C G U |
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Operations of RNA creation?
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solely Translated!
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Catalyzes RNA creation?
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ribozymes
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Changes in Earth: Atmosphere
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O2 levels up
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why did O2 levels rise in early Earth?
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photosynthetic orgs
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Stromatolites
(early Earth) |
oxygen-creating bacteria preserved in fossil record
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Causes of Climate Change
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1. Catastrophic Event
2. Geologic Factors 3. Biologic activities 4. Human activity |
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Cause of Continental Drift
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Plate Tectonics
crust has plates floating on liquid magma |
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Convection Currents
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move Earth's plates
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fossil
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preserved remnant or impression
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Geologic Strata
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order events in RELATIVE time
(older --> younger from bottom up) |
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Absolute Age of Strata
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Radiometric dating
(isotope decay) |
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Age of Earth
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4.5 billion years
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Present Period of Earth
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Quaternary
(1.8mya) |
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Present Era of Earth
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Cenozoic
(68mya) |
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3 Great Fauna Explosions
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1. Cambrian
2. Paleozoic 3. Modern |
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Cambrian Fauna Explosion
(542mya) |
1st appearance of most animals!
1. Arthropods 2. Annelids 3. Trilobites 4. Eocrinoids |
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Paleozoic Oceans
(post-Cambrian Exp) |
1. Echinoderms
2. Cephalopods 3. Crinoids |
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Mesozoic: Triassic Period
(251mya) |
1. Insects
2. Gastropods 3. Birds 4. Cartilaginous fish |
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Cenozoic name?
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Age of Mammals
65mya - Present |
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Mass Extinctions
(5 Periods - list in order) |
1. Ordovician
2. Devonian (late) 3. Permian 4. Triassic 5. Cretaceous |
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Binomial Nomenclature created by...
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Linneaus
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Order of Binomial Nomenclature?
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Kinky People Can Often Find Great Sex
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3 Domains of Life
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1. Bacteria
2. Archaea 3. Eukaryota |
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Which domains of life are prokaryotes?
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Bacteria + Archaea
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Phylogeny
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description of evolutionary relationships b/w orgs
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Phylogenetic Tree
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diagram illustrating relationships b/w orgs
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taxon
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group of orgs given a name
(eg. mammals) |
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Clade
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taxon consisting of all evolutionary descendants of a common ancestor
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Closest living relatives to humans?
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Chimpanzees (5-7mya)
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Relationships of species...
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Common ancestry --> divergence --> independent history
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Use of shared derived characteristics
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basis of phylogenetic taxa
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derived characteristic
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evolutionary novelty ("new")
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ancestral
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evolutionary legacy ("keep")
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monophyletic tree
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common ancestor + all descendants
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Polyphyletic
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not include CA of group
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Paraphyletic
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CA + some descendants BUT NOT ALL
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How Phylogenies Constructe?
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- morphology
- dev't - paleontology - behavior - molecular |
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Convergent Evolution
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when traits in different clades evolve similar characteristics
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4 Major Threats to Biological Diversity
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1. Habitat destruction
2. Introduced Species 3. Overexploitation 4. Disruption of interaction networks |
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Interaction networks
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more than a "food web" -- all other behavioral reactions
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Keystone Species of interaction networks
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species which MANY other species rely on for existence
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Levels of Biodiversity
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Genetic
Species Ecosystem |
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Reasons for Preserving Biodiversity
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1. Genes
2. Bio control agents 3. natural products 4. envt services 5. enjoyment 6. scientific interest |
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Prokaryotic Cell Characteristics
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1. Circular DNA
2. peptidoglycan (w/in membrane) 3. capsule around cell wall |
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Where are prokaryotes found?
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- free living
- parasitic - biofilm |
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biofilm
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community of microorganisms which adhere to surface
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How many more bacterial than human cells are in your body?
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10x more bacteria
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Why are prokaryotes so successful?
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Distinctive Walls
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Gram Positive Prokaryote walls
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think peptidoglycan layer between plasma membrane and external environment
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Gram Negative Prokaryote walls
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peptidoglycan layer between outer membrane and plasma membrane
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Prokaryotic locomotion?
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flagellum
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Reproduction w/ Prokaryotes
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Binary Fission - fast!
self replicate |
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Prokaryotes: Communication methods
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bioluminescence
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Metabolism of Photoautotrophs
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E source: Light
C source: CO2 |
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Metabolism of Photoheterotrophs
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E source: Light
C source: Organic Compounds |
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Metabolism of Chemolithotrophs
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E source: inorganic substances (ammonia, H2S)
C source: CO2 |
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Metabolism of Chemoheterotrophs
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E source: organic substances
C source: organic compounds |
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Spirochetes
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Bacteria
- gram negative - move via 'axial filaments' |
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Chlamydias
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Bacteria
- smallest! - live as parasites w/in cells |
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High-GC Gram Positives
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ActinoBacteria
- most free-living in soil - some cause diseases |
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Cyanobacteria
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Bacteria
responsible for O2 production on Earth use chlorophyll A for photosynthesis |
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Low-GC Gram Positives
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Bacteria
- produce endospores (hard heat-resistant capsules) |
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Proteobacteria
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Bacteria
- Gram Negative "purple bacteria" - many modes of nutrition |
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Crenarchaeota
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Archaea
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Euryarchaeota
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Archaea
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Eukaryotes
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Eukarya
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Example of Spirochete
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Borellia burgdorferi ("lyme disease")
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Examples of Chlamydia
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Trachoma
Chlamydia ("the Clap") |
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Example of High GC Gram Positive
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Tuberculosis - kills ~3 million people per year
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Example of a Low GC Gram Positive
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Bacillus thuringiensis
kills caterpillars on cabbage, alfalfa, etc |
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Example of Cyanobacteria
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blue-green algae
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Example of Proteobacteria
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Rhizobium
n2 fixing bacteria living in legume root nodules |
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How is Archaea different from Bacteria?
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1. no peptidoglycan in cell walls
2. distinct lipid composition in cell membranes |
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Example of an Archaea
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Crenarchaeota, "Extremophiles"
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What does Archaea metabolism create?
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atmospheric methane (1/3)
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How are Eukaryotes difference from Prokaryotes?
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1. mitochondria
2. chloroplasts |
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Name organelles of Eukaryotes? (6)
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nucleus
mitochondrion golgi apparatus centrioles Smooth ER (endoplasmic reticulum) - lipid Rough ER - proteins |
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Endosymbiosis
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organelles derive from prokaryotic absorption
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Evidence for Endosymbiosis
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1. Membranes - mitochondria
2. DNA in a simple circular genome 3. Binary fission reproduction |
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Example of Endosymbiosis
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P. bursaria eats blue green algae --> holds algae, photosynthesizes food for both
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Protists
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paraphyletic taxon of microbial eukaryotes
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Types of Chromalveolates
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- dinoflagellates
- ciliates - diatoms |
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Example of Chromalveolates
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toxic "Red Tide"
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diatoms
(chromalveolates) |
WHAT
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dinoflagellates
(chromalveolates) |
WHAT?
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Ciliates
(chromalveolates) |
short hairs for moving, eating
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Characteristic of CA of microbial plantae...
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chloroplasts
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Examples of Plantae
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1. Red Algae
2. Green Algae |
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Excavates
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- some lack mitochondria
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Rhizaria
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- pseudopodia for locomotion
- abundant in fossil record - external shells of CaCO3 |
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Example of Rhizaria
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Foramnifera
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Unikonts
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if present, single flagellum
locomotion w/ pseudopodia |
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Eukaryotic Reproductive Strategies
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1. binary fission
2. multiple fission 3. budding 4. spores 5. alternation of generations |
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Budding
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outgrowth of new cell from an old one
(eukaryotic repro strat) |
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Spores
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special cells develop into new organisms
(eukaryotic repro strat) |
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Alternation of Generation
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switch b/w a diploid (2n) and a haploid (n)
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reproductive signal
(#1 for cell division) |
to initiate
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replication
(#2 for cell division) |
of DNA
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Segregation
(#3 for cell division) |
distribute DNA into 2 new cells
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Cytokinesis
(#4 for cell division) |
separation of 2 new cells
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What speeds up binary fission in bacteria?
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abundant food supply
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Prokaryote DNA
how many chromosomes? shape? |
1 Chromosome
Circular |
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Binary Fission Steps
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1. Circular DNA replicates
2. Cell Grows 3. Daughter DNA's segmented 4. Cytokinesis |
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Eukaryotic Reproductive methods?
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Mitosis + Meiosis
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Cell Cycle goal
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events to produce 2 eukaryotic cells from 1
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Cell Cycle steps
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Mitosis -- Gap 1 -- Interphase -- DNA Synthesis -- Gap 2
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M-phase
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when mitosis/meisois + cytokinesis occur
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Interphase
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period b/w cell division
G1, Synthesis, G2 |
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DNA is in what shape
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double helix
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nucleosome
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DNA + 8 histone molecules
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histone
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molecules around which DNA wraps
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chromatin
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densely coiled DNA + proteins
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gene
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stretch of DNA coding for a protein
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chromosome
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DNA organization
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On a chromosome, every gene has a ....
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particular location
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sister chromatids
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post-DNA replication, a chromosome has 2 double-stranded DNA molecules
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how many molecules exist before replication?
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1 double stranded DNA molecule
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Centromere
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where chromatids are held together
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Kinetochore
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tubules connecting sister chromatids to centrioles
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centrioles
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pull chromatids apart; opposite sides of cll
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Spindles
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chromosome highways
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Mitosis - cell composition
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2 cells identical to selves + parent cell
** method used by most eukaryotic organisms |
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Interphase
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#1 stage of mitosis
nucleus replicates DNA + centrosomes |
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Prophase
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#2 stage of mitosis
chromosomes bc visible -- paired sister chromatids |
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Metaphase
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#3 stage of mitosis
centomeres bc aligned at cell's equator on the kinetochore microtubules |
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Anaphase
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#4 of mitosis
- paired sister chromatids separate --> new daughter chromosomes move toward poles |
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Telophase
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#5 of mitosis
nuclei reform, cell membrane separates -- cytokinesis! |
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Asexual reproduction
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mitotic division of nucleus
Offspring are CLONES! |
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Who does Asexual reproduction?
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unicellular organisms
cells of multicellular orgs who form new individuals |
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sexual reproduction - parents vs children
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not identical
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karyotype
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number, shapes and sizes of the chromosomes in a cell
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Recognizing individual Chromosomes...
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1. length
2. position of centromere 3. banding patterns |
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Haploid
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# of chromosomes = n
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Fertilization
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2 haploid gametes (female egg + male sperm) fuse to form a dyploid zygotes
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Dyploid Zygote
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chromosome # = 2n
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How many chromosomes do gametes contain?
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1 set of chromosomes
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Ploidy
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# of homologous sets of chromosomes in a cell
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Diploid
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1 set of chromosomes from each parent
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Haploid
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# of chromosomes in a gamete (sperm or egg)
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gamete
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sperm or egg
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Homologous chromosomes
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a diploid -- carry genes coding for same inherited characters
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Functions of Meiosis
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1. Reduce chromosome # from diploid to haploid (2n --> n)
2. ensure product has full set of chromosomes 3. promote genetic diversity |
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Formation of Tetrads
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replication of each homologous pair of chromosomes
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Crossing Over
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origin of recombination
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Chiasmata
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location of crossing over
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Independent Assortment
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each gamete has different genetic composition
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Stages of Meiosis
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Meiosis I --> Prophase I, Metaphase I, Anaphase I, Telophase
Meiosis II --> Metaphase II, Anaphase II, Telophase II |
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Prophase I
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Centromeres to opposite sides
Pairs of homologs -- tetrads formed |
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Metaphase I
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equatorial plate forms
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Anaphase I
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tetrads split to homologous chromsomes to opposite sides
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Telophase I
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DNA apart in nuclei (2 formed)
Occurs in some organisms: - interkinesis (interphase sect) - other organisms --> Meiosis II begins immediately |
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Differences b/w Meiosis II and Mitosis
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1. DNA not replicate b4 meiosis II
2. Meiosis II - sister chromatids may not be identical (crossing over) 3. # of chromosomes @ equatorial plate in meiosis II is 1/2 # in mitosis |
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Meiosis II
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After Telophase II, bc haploid cells -- daughter cells
Follow: 4 daughter cells (n) |
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Products of...
Mitosis... Meiosis... |
Mitosis = 2 daughter cells with 2n
Meiosis = 4 daughter cells with n |
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Apoptosis
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cell death - cell breaks into several bodies; organelles are still functional
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Necrosis
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** damaged OR starved for oxygen/nutrients
cell death - cell membrane ruptures, releases cell contents |
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Tissue formed by necrosis
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scabs
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Reasons for apoptosis
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1. cell no longer needed
2. old cells prone to genetic damage (ie. cancer) |
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Is apoptosis programmed or not programmed?
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Programmed
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nonvascular plant example
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Bryophytes - the mosses
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vascular plants - are they seeded or nonseeded?
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BOTH
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Example of a non-seeded Vascular Plant
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Pteridophytes - the ferns
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Seeded Vascular Plants have 2 types?
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- Gymnosperms
- Angiosperms |
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angiosperms go by what colloquial name?
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"flowering plants"
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Example of a gymnosperm
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Conifers - includes pines
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2 Types of Angiosperms
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Monocots + Eudicots
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Example of Monocot
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Corn
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Example of Eudicots
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Beans
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Synapomorphy of land plants
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dev't from an embryo protected by tissues of the parent plant ("embryophytes")
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Land plants are ...
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MONOPHYLETIC (descended from a single common ancestor)
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When did plants appear on land?
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400-500 million years ago
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What adaptation did large plants need?
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to transport water to all parts
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What adaptation did land plants need?
|
support and methods to disperse gametes
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Vascular Plants - How many clades total?
|
7 Clades
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Vascular Plants - what are tracheids?
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conducting cells
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Nonvascular Plants - how many clades?
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3 clades
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Liverworts, Hornworts, + Mosses
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Nonvascular Plants - DO NOT FORM A CLADE!
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Alternation of Generations
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includes a multicellular diploid and multicellular haploid individuals
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Sporophyte
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Alternation of Generations - multicellular diploid
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Gametophyte
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Alternation of Generations - multicellular haploid
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Nonvascular Plant traits
|
- small
- no system to conduct H20 from soil - grow in dense mats in moist envts |
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Gametophytes + Sporophytes in Nonvascular Plants
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Gametophyte gen = Photosynthetic
Sporophyte gen = pos photosynthetic; always nutritionally dep't on gametophyte |
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Reproduction in Nonvascular Plants
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Haploid gametophytes produce gametes
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Nonvascular - archegonium
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female gamete
produce 1 egg |
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Nonvascular - antheridium
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male gamete
produce many sperm |
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Xylem
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vascular
- conducts water and minerals from soil to aerial parts of plant |
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Lignin
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xylem component
- provides support |
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Phloem
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conducts products of photosynthesis through plant
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Seedless vascular plants
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- must have water for reproductive cycle -- sperm swim through w/ flagellate
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Sporophytes have...
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true roots, stems, leaves
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Resting Stage of seedless vascular plants
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single-celled spore
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Vascular Plant gamtophyte generation...
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- reduced even further
- haploid gametophyte dev'ps partly or entirely while attached to sporophyte |
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Pollen
(reprod in seeded plants) |
male gametophyte
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Pollination
(reprod in seeded plants) |
when a pollen grain lands near a female gametophyte
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Pollen Tube
(reprod in seeded plants) |
digests its way through sporophyte tissue to female gametophyte
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Diploid Zygote
(reprod in seeded plants) |
result of fertilization after sperm released from tube
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Embryonic Sporophyte
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diploid zygote divides to produce
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Are vascular seeds well-protected during the resting stage?
|
Yes
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Seed adaptations
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- last for generations
- adaptations to dispersal |
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Gymnosperm
|
"naked-seeded"
- ovules and seeds are not protected by ovary or fruit tissue |
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Synapomorphies of the Angiosperm
|
1. double fertilization
2. triploid endosperm 3. ovules + seeds enclosed in carpel 4. flowers 5. fuits 6. xylem w/ vessel elements + fibers 7. phloem w/ companion cells |
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Double Fertilization
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2 Male gametophytes -- 1 combines w/ egg --> 2nd bc endosperm
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Carpel
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encloses the ovules and seeds; modified leaf
"pistil" |
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How are most angiosperms pollinated?
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birds, insects, + bats
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Flower enticers to pollinators?
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nectar + pollen
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Monocot vs. Eudicots: Monocot Differences
|
1. 1 Cotyledons
2. Parallel Veins in leaves 3. x3 flowers 4. Scattered arrangement of vascular bundles in stem |
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Monocot vs. Eudicots: Eudicot Differences
|
1. 2 Cotyledons
2. Netlike Veins in leaves 3. x4/5 flowers 4. Ring arrangement of vascular bundles in stem |
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How many animal species are there?
|
Described: 1.3 million
Estimate: 10 - 200 million |
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Define an animal
(except for sponges) |
1. Mode of nutrition - Heterotrophs, enzymes digest
2. Multicellular BUT structural proteins (ie. collagen), not Cell Walls hold together 3. Epithelial tissues (specialized cells) 4. Muscle + Nerve Cells 5. Most do Sexual Reproduction (exist in diploid stage for most life) 6. Zygote = small motile sperm to stationary egg |
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Cleavage
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succession of mitotic divisions w/out cell growth b/w divisions
--> zygotes from animals! |
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Blastula
|
multicellular stage of zygote after cleavage
gen a hollow ball of cells |
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Gastrulation
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follows Blastula Stage
- 1 end of embryo folds in, expands, and fills blastocoel |
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archenteron
|
hollow center formed following gastrulation (Cleavage step)
opens to outside through blastopore |
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Endoderm
|
eventually forms lining of digestive tract; archenteron step
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Spiral Cleavage
|
planes of cell division are diagonal to vertical axis of embryo (not aligned)
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Radial Cleavage
|
planes line up (aligned)
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Blastopore dev'ps into... (2)
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- mouth
- anus |
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coelom
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"usually the epithelial-lined space b/w the body wall and the digestive tract"
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Protostomes
|
- spiral + determinate (cleavage pattern)
- schizocoelous - mouth from blastopore |
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Deuterostomes
|
-radial + indeterminate (cleavage pattern)
- enterocoelous - anus from blastopore |
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Acoelomates
|
lack a body cavity b/w digestive cavity + outer body wall
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Acoelomate example
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flatworm
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Pseudocoelomates
|
have a body cavity only partially lined (by tissue derived from mesoderm)
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Pseudocoelomates
|
roundworm
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Coelomates
|
have a body cavity completely lined by tissue derived from mesoderm
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Coelomates
|
earthworm
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Diploblastic
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ectoderm + endoderm (2 layers)
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Triploblastic
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ectoderm, endoderm, + mesoderm (3 layers)
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Animal Body plans
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assymmetrical: sponges
radial symmetry: anemones bilateral symmetry: fish, us |
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Choanoflagellates
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1.2bya - 800 mya
colonial protist w/ multiple cells choanocytes - trap food particles |
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basal
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base of evolutionary tree
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Porifera phylum
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sponges
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About Porifera
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Sponges - cellular grade of complexity --> do not work together; No central GUT
Eumetazoa - specialized cells for tissues; Central GUT |
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Sponges are what level of Porifera...
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most basal Metazoans
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Porocytes
(metazoans - sponges) |
water enters through cells spanning body
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Epidermis
(metazoans - sponges) |
epidermal cells, tightly packed
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Mesohyl
(metazoans - sponges) |
gelatinous layer separating 2 layers of cells
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Amoebocytes
(metazoans - sponges) |
found through mesohyl
take up food from H2O + digest b4 carrying to other cells |
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spicules
|
tough skeletal fibers created by amoebocytes
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Choanocytes
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generate H2O current into sponge + trap/ingest food particles
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Suspension Feeders
|
Porifera feeder type (sponges)
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Reproduction of sponges
|
- hermaphrodites or sequential hermaphrodies
- asexual |
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Eumetazoa
|
all animals except sponges
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Elements of Eumetazoa
|
- "tissue grade of complexity"
- diploblastic or triploblastic - radially or bilateral symmetric |
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Radially-symmetrical basal phyla of Eumetazoans
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Cnidarians + Ctenphorans
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Cnidarians
|
- hydra (most marine, some freshwater)
- 2 body plans (sessile polyp or mobile medusa) - can undergo Alternation of Generations - radial symmetry - diploblastic (endoderm, ectoderm) - 1 opening for mouth & anus - stinging cells |
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Examples of Cnidarians
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Corals
Anemones Jellies |
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sessile polyp
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cylindrical forms that adhere to substrate
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mobile medusa
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flattened free-swimming form w/ mouth facing down
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what special type of cells do Cnidarians have?
|
stinging cells!
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Hydrozoa
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Cnidarian class
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Scyphozoa
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Jellies
Cnidarian class |
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Cubozoa
|
box jellies, sea wasps
Cnidarian class |
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Anthozoa
|
corals
Cnidarian class |
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Ctenophora colloquial name
|
comb jellies
~100 species |
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Ctenophora
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- radial symmetry
- diploblastic - complete gut > mouth + anus - swimming - colloblasts |
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colloblasts
(ctenophora) |
adhesive patches on tentacles for catching prey
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Bilateria
|
Bilateral Symmetry
Triploblastic Deuterostomes: Protostomes: |
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3 Fundamental needs of animals
|
1. Acquire food
2. exchange gasses 3. shed metabolic wastes |
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Bilateria
|
WHAT?
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Lophotrochozoa
|
protostomes w/ lophophore or trochophore larva
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lophophore
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tentacled feeding structure
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trochophore
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ciliated larval form
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Ectoprocta, Phomida, Brachiopoda
|
Phyla in the Bilateria called "Lophophorates"
(have tentacled feeding structures) |
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Ectoprocta
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"Moss animals"
- colonial animals, resemble plants - hard skeleton + pores - marine + freshwater |
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Phoronida
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- tube dwelling marine worms
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Brachiopoda
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"lampshells"
- resemble clams but shell halves are dorsal + ventral - most live attached to sea floors by stalks |
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Platyhelminthes
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"Flatworms"
- marine, freshH2O + terrestial - swim or crawl - all carnivorous (live tissue, decaying) - triploblastic BUT acoelomates |
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Parasite Platyhelminthes
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monogeneans
trematoda cestoda |
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Cestodes
(in phylum Platyhelminthes) |
Tapeworms
(beef worms - beef, to human, to feces) |
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Nemertea
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"Ribbon or Proboscis worms"
- acoelamtes - alimentary canal + closed circulatory system - Proboscis - snag food |
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Mollusca
|
snails, slugs, oysters, clams, octopuses, & squids
- unsegmented protostome coelomates w/ a trochophore larva |
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Gastropoda
(phylum Mollusca) |
snails, slugs
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Bivalvia
(phylum Mollusca) |
oysters, mussels, clams
- shells in 2 halves - most are suspension feeders |
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Cephalopoda
(phylum Mollusca) |
squids, octopuses, nautiluses
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Annelida phylum
|
"segmented" worms - earthworms, leeches, and polychaetes
- segmented protostome coelomates w/ a trochophore larva |
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Oligochaeta
(Annelida species) |
terrestrial/freshwater segmented worms
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Polychaeta
(Annelida species) |
well-developed head and parapodia w/ setae (hair-like projections)
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Hirudinea
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Leeches
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Which animals are in the phylum Ecdysocoa?
|
protostome bilaterians that molt
Most animal species |
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Cuticles
(ecdysocoa) |
exoskeleton of organic material that is light + flexible
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Nematodes
(Ecdysocoa) |
live everywhere + eat anything
- causes many diseases/plants |
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Arthropods
(arthropoda phylum) |
Coelomates
segmented bodies jointed appendages open circulatory system chitinous exoskeleton well-dev'd senses 2/3 of all known organisms |
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Common names of Arthropods (2 types)
|
Land = insects, spiders
Sea = crustaceans |
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Cephalization
|
localization of sense organs in the head of arthropods
|
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Deuterostomia Blastopores
|
anus 1st then mouth forms
|
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Echinoderms
|
- sea stars, urchins
- unsegmented deuterstomes w/ radial skeleton + endoskeleton |
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Chordata
|
1. notochord - stiff yet flexible rod
2. pharyngeal slits - permit rapid one-way flow through head (filter feeding) 3. dorsal hollow nerve cord 4. muscular, post-anal tail |
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Maxini
(chordata) |
Hagfish
- single nostril - no jaws, teeth on tongue |
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Lampreys
|
- no bony skeleton
- teeth on tongue - attack fish and eat body! |
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Gnathostomes ("jawed fish")
|
- able to grab prey more effectively
|
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Chondrichthyes
|
~750 species
examples: - sharks: ventral mouths, loose jaw, dev'd olfactory syste - rays |
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what is the unique feature about Actinoptergyii + Sarcopterygii
(Fish) |
ray-finned or lobe-finned
|
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Which type of fin gave rise to the earliest amphibians --> all terrestrial vertebrates?
|
lobe finned fish
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What is the importance of the Acanthostega species?
|
- tetrapod origins
- fully formed legs, ankles, feet, digits - more fish-like, largely aquatic |
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Tetrapods: Amphibians
|
"double life" - b/w wet + dry
many are live-bearing |
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Amphibians: order Urodela
|
salamanders retain tails
|
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Amphibians: order Anura
|
frogs + toads
|
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Amphibians: order Apoda
|
caecilians are legless, burrowing
|
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Amphibian traits
|
- moist skin for gas exchange
- most found in damp habitats - most have external fertilization |
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Tetrapods: Amniotes
|
reptiles, birds, mammals
- retain internal H2O in egg |
|
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Amniote Egg
|
- embryo enclosed in fluid filled sac
- exchange gasses - prevents dessication |
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Tetrapods: Amniotes: Reptiles
|
Turtles, lizards, snakes, crocodiles, birds
scales of keratin |
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|
In addition to keratin scales, other changes in body plan of Reptiles...
|
1. Limb loss (snakes, some lizards)
2. External armor (turtles) 3. Bird mods - feathers = scales |
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Tetrapods: Amniotes: mammals
(traits) |
1. mammary glands
2. hair derived from keratin scales |
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|
Hair on mammals provide what...
|
- insulation
- communication - protection - waterproofs - camouflages |
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Mammals: Monotremes
|
- retain ancestral egg-laying mode
- young hatch undeveloped |
|
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Mammals: Marsupials
|
- give birth to VERY underdeveloped young
- use front legs to drag to pouch - remain attach to nipples in pouch |
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Mammals: Placentals
|
- long gestation
- mothers provide nutrition - born developed or develop quickly |
