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42 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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What are the three main goals of population genetics?
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1- To explain the origin and maintenance of genetic variation
2-To explain the patterns and organization of genetic variation 3-To understand the mechanisms that cause changes in allele frequencies in populations |
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What is the technical term for separate subpopulations?
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demes
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What is the technical term for a group of demes?
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a metapopulation
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What is a gene pool?
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The gene pool is all of the alleles at all of the gene loci in all of the individuals in a population.
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What is meant when a population is termed to have an allele that is fixed?
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Only one allele exists at a particular locus. For example, all allele pairs are homozygous dominant.
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What is evolution? (Microevolution)
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Its the change in the genetic makeup of a population from generation to generation.
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Do individuals evolve?
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No. Only Populations evolve over time.
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How do populations evolve? (4 Ways)
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*Certain individuals survive to reproduce more than others.
*Mutations can spread *Genes enter and leave the gene pool *Random Chance changes in gene pool |
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What was Mendel famous for?
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His Laws of Inheritance
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What was Darwin famous for?
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Natural Selection
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What is the Modern Synthesis?
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The theory of evolution integrating many fields.
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Ronald Fisher was apart of The Modern Synthesis in what field?
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Statistics
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J.B.S. Haldane was apart of The Modern Synthesis in what field?
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Rules of Natural Selection
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Sewall Wright was apart of The Modern Synthesis in what field?
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Genetics
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Theodosius Dobzhansky was apart of The Modern Synthesis in what field?
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Genetics
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George Gaylord Simpson was apart of The Modern Synthesis in what field?
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Paleontology
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Ernst Mayr was apart of The Modern Synthesis in what field?
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Biogeography
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G. Ledyard Stebbins was apart of The Modern Synthesis in what field?
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Botany
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Julian Huxley was apart of The Modern Synthesis in what field?
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Evolutionary Biology
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How do you calculate the Genotype Frequency of a population?
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GENOTYPE / TOTAL # of INDIVIDUALS
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How do you calculate the allele frequency of a population?
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Total Number of Dominant (or Recessive) Alleles / Total number of all alleles in population.
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What are the nine restrictions of the Hardy Weinberg Theroem?
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1-Organism is Diploid
2-Reproduction is Sexual 3-Generations are non-ovelapping 4-Mating is Random 5-Population size is large 6-Migration is negligible 7-Mutation can be ignored 8-Natural Selection does not affect alleles under consideration 9-The alleles are not on the sex chromosomes. |
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What is the theory of the Hardy-Weinberg Theorem
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The frequency of alleles and genotypes in a populations gene pool remain constant from generation to generation.
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How is the Hardy-Weinberg Theorem useful? (Two Ways)
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It explains how genetic variation is preserved
It provides a benchmark to compare to other populations. Example: No change in frequencies, evolution is not occuring |
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What are the two basic equations of the Hardy-Weinberg Theorem?
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p + q = 1
p^2 + 2pq + q^2 = 1 |
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In the Hardy-Weinberg equation p + q = 1, what does p stand for?
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p is the variable for the frequency of the dominant allele
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In the Hardy-Weinberg equation p + q = 1, what does q stand for?
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q is the variable for the frequency of the recessive allele
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In the Hardy-Weinberg equation p^2 + 2pq + q^2 = 1, what does p^2 stand for?
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p^2 is the frequency of the homozygous dominant genotype (AA)
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In the Hardy-Weinberg equation p^2 + 2pq + q^2 = 1, what does 2pq stand for?
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2pq is the frequency of the heterozygous genotype (Aa)
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In the Hardy-Weinberg equation p^2 + 2pq + q^2 = 1, what does q^2 stand for?
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q^2 stands for the frequency of the homozygous recessive genotype (aa)
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What causes microevolution?
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Relaxing the conditions of the Hardy-Weinberg Equilibrium.
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Name five causes of microevolution.
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1- Small Population Size- Genetic Drift
2-Immigration/emigration 3-Mutation 4-Nonrandom Mating 5-Natural Selection |
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What is the Synthetic Theory of Evolution?
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Explains evolution in terms of changes in gene frequencies. "A species evolves when gene frequencies change and the species move it to a higher level of adaptation for a specific ecological niche"
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Who described the Synthetic Theory of Evolution?
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Sewell Wright
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What is Natural Selection?
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Natural selection is when genes that are needed for reproductive survival are passed down, when those without the genes are less likely to reproduce
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What is Gene Flow?
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When individuals migrate from the population taking their alleles, also when new individuals enter the population with NEW ALLELES.
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What is Sexual Selection?
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Selection which arisis from differences in mating success. From both Male-Male Competition and also Female Choice
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What is genetic drift?
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Happens in a small population, where alleles could be lost or changed due to chance. Causes loss of genetic variability.
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Does random mating affect all alleles?
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No, it could affect only a few alleles. For example, random mating would not affect blood type, or other phenotypes that are not outwardly seen. It would affect others like intelligence, or physical appearance.
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What are two effects of migration?
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1-To increase variability within a population
2- To prevent a population of that species from diverging to the extent that it becomes a new species. |
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What is the bottleneck effect?
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When a large number of individuals die or are removed from the population, changing drastically the genotype/and or allele frequency
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That is the founder effect?
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When a small group of individuals of a population leave to found a new location.
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