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111 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Four Major Class of Macromolecules
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carbs, lipids, proteins, nucleic acids
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small repeat units of polymers
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monomers
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Four Major Class of Macromolecules
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carbs, lipids, proteins, nucleic acids
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_____ is involved in the synthesis of a polymer
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dehydration
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small repeat units of polymers
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monomers
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______ is involved in breaking down a polymer.
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hydrolysis
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_____ is involved in the synthesis of a polymer
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dehydration
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Simplest Carbohydrate
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Monosaccharide
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______ is involved in breaking down a polymer.
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hydrolysis
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Most names of sugars end in _____
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ose
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Simplest Carbohydrate
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Monosaccharide
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Maltose is made of
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two glucose molecules
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Most names of sugars end in _____
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ose
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Maltose is made of
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two glucose molecules
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Sucrose is made of
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Glucose and Fructose
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Lactose is made of
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Glucose and galactose
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Sucrose is made of
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Glucose and Fructose
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Plants store surplus glucose as ____ in _____
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starch; leaves
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Lactose is made of
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Glucose and galactose
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Plants store surplus glucose as ____ in _____
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starch; leaves
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Animals store surplus glucose as ______ in_____
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glycogen; liver
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Major component of cell wall
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Cellulose
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T/F : lipids form polymers
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False
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Lipids are constructed from
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glycerol linked to three fatty acids
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lipids are hydrophobic/hydrophilic?
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hydrophobic
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Major function of lipid?
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energy storage
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Saturated Fatty Acid & Example
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no carbon-carbon double bonds; most animal fats
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Unsaturated fatty acid & Example
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One or more carbon-carbon double bonds; plant and fish oils
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unsaturated fats have been synthetically converted to saturated fats are called?
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Hydrogenated vegetable oils
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Type of lipid with a carbon skeleton
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Steroid
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Important steroid that that is a precursor from which all other steroids are synthesized
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Cholesterol
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what are Phospholipids made of?
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two fatty acids attached to glycerol and phosphate group
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Phospholipids have ____ heads and _____ tails.
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hydrophilic, hydrophobic
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The most structurally complex macromolecule?
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Protein
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All protein polymers are constructed from?
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same set of 20 amino acid monomers.
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Polymers of proteins
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polypeptides
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Four components attached to a alpha carbon : hydrogen atom, carboxyl group, amino group, variable R group?
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Amino Acid
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One or more polypeptides that have been twisted and coiled into a unique shape.
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protein
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Primary Protein structure
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unique sequence of amino acids
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seconds protein structure
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segments of polypeptide chains repeatedly coiled or folded
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tertiary protein structure
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determined by interactions among various R groups
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quaternary protein structure
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when two or more polypeptides join to form a protein.
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Made of nucleotide monomers
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Nucleic Acids
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Two types of nucleic acids
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DNA/RNA
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nucleotide consists of what three parts?
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1. nitrogenous base, 2. pentose sugar 3. phosphate group.
(sugar/phosphate backbone) |
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Selectively permeable is the characteristic of what?
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Cell Membrane
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True or False: Proteins move more slowly than lipids?
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True
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Membrane Fluidity
1. Cool temperature 2. Warm Temperature |
1. closely packed phospholipids;s olid
2. losely packed phospholipids; fluid |
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Membrane Fluidity
1. saturated fatty acids 2. unsaturated fatty acids |
1. viscous
2. fluid |
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_____ are proteins that are not embedded in the lipid bilayer and can be attached to other proteins?
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peripheral protein
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2 types of integral proteins?
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transmembrane - completely span the membrane
lipid-anchored - close to the surface; anchored to fatty acid tail. |
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fluid component of intracellular environment.
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cytosol (cytoplasm is everything)
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Passive Transport
1. Diffusion 2. Osmosis |
1. movement of ions from high concentration to low concentration (no energy)
2. Diffusion of Water |
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Hypotonic
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low solute concentration
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Hypertonic
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high solute concentration
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isotonic
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equal concentrations
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a _____ plant cell has sufficient water?
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turgid
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a _____ plant cell is witting and doesnt have sufficient water?
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flacid
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Facilitated Diffusion-
1. Channel Proteins 2. Carrier proteins |
1. have hydrophilic channel that certain molecules or ions can use as a tunnel through the membrane
2. bind to molecules and change shape to shuttle them across the membrane |
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Uses energy to pump ions or molecules against their concentration gradient (requires energy)
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Active Transport (Na/K pump)
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When the cell is at rest, the inside of the cell is _______ compared to the outside.
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negative
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Look Over Sodium Potassium Pump
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Look Over Sodium Potassium Pump
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The major electrogenic pump of animal cells is
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Sodium-Potassium
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The major electrogenic pump in plants, bacteria, and fungi
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Proton pump (hydrogen)
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2 types of Bulk Transport
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Exocytosis (exit)
Endocytosis (enter) |
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3 types of endocytosis
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phagocytosis - "cell-eating"
pinocytosis - "cell - drinking" receptor -mediated endocytosis (most common) |
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Although animal cells lack a cell wall, they have an elaborate _________ which influences its behavior.
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extracellular matrix (ECM)
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The prominent structure that produces ribosomes
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Nucleolus
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A stack of membrane-bound vesicles that are important in packaging macromolecules for transport.
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Golgi Apparatus
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Contain hydrolytic enzymes necessary for intracellular digestion. They are common in animal cells, but rare in plant cells.
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lysosome
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membrane-bound packets of oxidative enzymes that protect the cell from its own production of toxic hydrogen peroxide.
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peroxisome
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storage and regulation of cell volume/ builds turgor pressure. only found in plants.
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vacuole
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an area in the cell where microtubules are produced and that is important in providing microtubules during cell division
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centrosome
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a vast network of membrane-bound vesicles and tubules found throughout the eukaryotic cell, responsible for the production of hormones and other secretory products. lacks ribosomes
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Smooth ER
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packets of RNA and protein. They are the sites of protein synthesis and comprised of a large subunit and a small subunit.
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ribosomes
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structure that appears pebbled due to presence of numerous ribonsomes on its surface. involved in protein synthesis
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Rough ER
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consists of microfibrils of cellulose embedded in a matrix of proteins and other polysaccharides that provides a rigid shape, structure, protection, and support.
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cell wall
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site of photosynthesis
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chloroplast
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Composed primarily of glycoproteins such as collagen, it provides the cells with structure to anchor proteins, help cells communicate, and affects the overall behavior
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Extracellular matrix
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provides the mechanical strength, cell shape, organization, and direction to intracellular and cellular movements and is composed of microtubules, actin
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cytoskeleton
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breaks down what the plants and animal cells intake and converts it into energy
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Mitochondrion
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involved in cell division in animal cells .
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centriole
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part of the cell wall that glues adjacent cells together with sticky polysaccharides and is part of cell communication
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middle lamella.
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channels between adjacent cells
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plasmodesmata
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Intercellular Junctions
1. Plant cells 2. Animal cells |
1. plasmodesmata
2. tight junction - prevents leakage from cell to cell anchoring junction - holds cells in place gap junction- allows cells to communicate |
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Local Signaling
1. direct intercellular 2. receptor mediated |
1. signals pass through cytosol to other cells
2. autocrine - cells release signals that affect themselves paracrine - cells release signals that affect nearby target cells |
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used in long distance signaling by plants and animal cells
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hormones (endocrine system)
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Three States of Signaling
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1. Receptor Activation
2. Signal Transduction 3. Cellular Response |
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a chemical signal binds to a cellular protein at the cell's surface or inside the cell
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receptor activation (stage 1)
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binding leads to a change in the receptor that triggers a series of changes
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signal transduction (stage 2)
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the transduced signal triggers a specific cellular activity
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cellular response (stage 3)
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signal molecule that binds with specificity to a larger molecule
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ligand
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Receptors at the surface
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ligand binds causing the receptor protein to undergo a change in shape and activates the receptor so that it can interact with other molecules
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receptors intracellular
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some signal receptors dissolve in cytosol or nucleus of target cells. To reach these receptors, the signals pass through the target's cell plasma membrane.
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Chemical Reactions
1. release of energy (delta G) 2. absorb energy |
1. exergonic
2. endergonic |
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Metabolic Pathways
1. From complex to simple (release energy) 2. from simple to complex (requires energy) |
1. catabolic (digestion)
2. anabolic (photosynthesis) |
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Three types of Cellular Work
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mechanical, transport, chemical
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Cellular Work
1. cilia beating, muscles contracting. 2. pumping of substances across membranes. 3. building complex molecules from simple ones |
1. mechanical
2. transport 3. chemical |
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hydrolysis of ATP forms?
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ADP
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biological catalysts that increase the speed of chemical reactions
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enzymes (most are proteins)
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scientists name enzymes by adding the suffix ____
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ase
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Enzymes lower a reactions ________?
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Activation energy
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enzyme-substrate
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lock-key
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Enzymes have an optimal temperature and pH
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High Temperature will denature most enzymes (breakdown the protein)
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many enzymes require non protein helpers called ________ for catalytic activity
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cofactors
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organic cofactors are called ?
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coenzymes
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Inhibitors
1. Competitive 2. Non Competitive |
1. inhibitor/ substrate compete, increasing one will allow it to win.
2. inhibitor binds to backside which changes shape of active site. if you increase concentration of substrate, still won't bind. |
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Four Main Stages of Cellular Respiration
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1. Glycolysis
2./3. Acetyl CoA Formation & Citric Acid Cyle 4. Electron Transport & Chemiosmosis (oxidative phosphorylation) |
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stage of cellular respiration, occurs in the cytosol, no oxygen is required, breaks down glucose into two molecules of pyruvate.. Yields 2 ATP!!
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Gylcolysis
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stage of cellular respiration, occurs in the mitochondrial matrix, requires oxygen, completes the breakdown of glucose by using pyruvate and releases CO2. This yields 2 ATP
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Acetyl CoA Formation & Citric Acid Cycle
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stage of cellular respiration: happens in the inner mitochondrial membranes (cristae), yields 34 ATP
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Electron Transport & Chemiosmosis
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