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79 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
Cells communicate with other cells in various ways:
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DCAPE
Direct intercellular signaling Contact-dependent signaling Autocrine signaling Paracrine signaling Endocrine signaling |
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____ - signals pas through a gap junction from the cytosol of one cell to adjacent cells
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Direct intercellular signaling
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____ - membrane-bound signals bind to receptors on adjacent cells.
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Contact-dependent signaling
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____ - cells release signals that affect themselves and nearby target cells.
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Autocrine signaling
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____ - cells release signals that affect nearby target cells
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Paracrine signaling
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____ - cells release signals that travel long distances to affect target cells.
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Endocrine signaling
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When you are a complex multicellular organism, (____): may have to speak to neighbor, close by, several feet away or even yourself.
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cells
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____ - often have gap junctions, little tubes running between the cells therefore very fast information sending.
(gap junctions are common in animals, but also common in plants) Common in areas all lined up in a row protecting something, like the cells in the gut or the cells in a vessel of a plant. Typically the cells are similar to one another and working together for a common purpose. |
Direct intercellular signaling
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____ -
The cells are growing, as a fetus, or growing new muscle. Once the muscle cells are big enough they will have a receptor, will say "hi I'm new to the neighborhood". So cells can signal and orient to cells around themselves. |
Contact dependent signaling
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____ -
Density dependent inhibition, cells stop growing after a certain point/density. (receive message yourself) Release a substance that they will respond to, but so will all the other cells around them. Eternalized cells do not have density dependent inhibition. |
Autocrine signaling
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____ -
Cells release signals that affect nearby target cells. Great example is the neuron, it send the message to a nearby neuron, not back to itself. (autocrine you receive the message yourself) |
Paracrine signaling
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____-
Cells release signals that travel long distances to affect target cells. |
Endocrine signaling
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____ - stays closed until some kind of signal lands on the receptor.
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Ligand gated channels
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____ - tyrosine kinase receptors can directly phosphorylate when activated.
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Enzyme linked receptors
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____ - receptor linked to a G-protein, results in formation of cAMP, which acts as a second messenger
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G-protein coupled receptors
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____ - signal can enter cell, interact with receptor to activate it.
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Intracellular receptors
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How a cell receives and responds to a signal outside of the cell.
Break it down to 3 steps: |
RTR
Receipt of the message Transduction of the message Response that takes place as a result of the receipt of that signal. |
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____ - receipt of a message, signaling molecule is called a ligand.
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Receptor activation
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____ - relay of the message through the cell.
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Signal transduction
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____ - required response begins, the response can be nongenomic or genomic.
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Cellular response
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____ the receptor, send the message through and see what kind of response we get.
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Activate
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____ responses - the response is typically confined to the cytosol, ex. Fusion of aquaporin filled vesicles with the cell membrane.
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Nongenomic
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Glucagon ____, cell breaks down glycogen and releases glucose.
____ - cleave glucose units from glycogen and release individual glucose units into the blood up to the blood where it needs to be. |
signal
response |
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____ responses - the response involves gene expression, ex - genes that control sex maturation are activated in response to testosterone or estrogen.
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Genomic
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____ response involves the "gene".
Ex. Hormones that induce sex maturation. |
Genomic
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An activated enzyme linked receptor can directly cause the ____.
Change shape, and the shape change will ____ it. Signal binds to receptor site, activates catalytic function of the ____. |
cellular response
activate receptor |
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____ is often the internal messenger.
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cAMP
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____, tinkers with the G protein.
It moves along to an enzyme complex, which grabs up some atp and converts it to cyclic amp (which is a very important second messenger) |
Signal molecule
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____ is called a second messenger.
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Cyclic AMP (cAMP)
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Another important second messenger ____
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(Ca 2+)
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Recall ER can sequester/compartmentalize (____), because it is such a good 2nd messenger so do not want it floating around need it (seq/compart).
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Ca 2+
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In order to control ____ have pumps involved (pumps typically mean active transport)
Once levels are so low, open a gate and it flows back in, voila 2nd messenger system. |
calcium
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2 second messengers, ___ and ____, (very common 2nd messengers)
Commonly used as 2nd messenger, different pathways use one versus the other |
Ca+
cAMP |
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____ is the process by which one activated receptor activates a whole slew of cellular responses inside the cell.
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Signal amplification
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____ - one receptor can send a very powerful signal into the cell.
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Signal amplification
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Plants use hormones and signaling pathways to mediate physiological events.
This allows for the control of: |
GDDR
Growth Development Differentiation Responses to external stimuli |
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____ is controlled by: Phytochromes it is a genomic response.
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Greening
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____ - intracellular proteins that are activated by a photon.
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Phytochromes
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____ - gene expression takes place.
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Genomic response
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Light hits that phytochrome, g-protein gets activated
Activated g-protein now makes guanyl cyclase |
.
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____ -
Small molecules that can penetrate cell wall Induce nongenomic and genomic responses. Use amplification. Balance of hormones dictates response. Control growth and differentiation of plant tissues. |
Plant hormones
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____ -
Cell elongation. Initiate in apical meristem and move downward through stem. Varied response to concentration. |
Auxins
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____, it lengthens cells.
Plant growth hormone. Its elongates cells. (bends toward light, one side or another) Tells a plant to grow more stuff - membrane, cell wall. |
auxin
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____ - tippy, tippy top where growth takes place
(basil - bushy growth). |
Apical meristem
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Auxin - ____ response to it. Gets made in stem and grows down.
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concentration dependent
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High ____ levels, inhibit growth.
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auxin
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____ -
Growth and differentiation. Synthesized in roots, move up stem. Trigger cell division, not elongation. |
Cytokinins
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____-
Cell elongation and division. Commercial application - fruit growth. In seed - initiates growth following dormancy. |
Gibberelins
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_____ -
Ripens mature fruit. Induces apoptosis. Leaf abscission (auxin/ _____ balance) Commercial application - control of ripening times. |
Ethylene
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____ - make plants grow, by cell division, not elongation.
Made in roots, move up stem. They trigger cell division, not elongation. |
Cytokinins
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____ - both elongation and division
Great for fruit growth (more ____ = bigger grapes) This hormone mediates a lot of actions of growth following dormancy. |
Gibberelins
Gibberelin |
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Hormones in ____ -
Chemical signal that is secreted into body fluids. Communication of regulatory messages to the body. |
animals
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Not every cell can respond to every ____, only those cells that need to respond to that particular ____ are equipped to respond to that particular ____
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hormone
hormone hormone |
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____- responds to a particular hormone
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Target cell
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A ____ is necessary for a cell to respond to a hormone.
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receptor
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____ - all of the organs/tissues that secrete hormones.
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endocrine system
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____ - specialized nerve cells associated with hypothalamus, pituitary.
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Neurosecretory cells
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Nervous and endocrine system is linked, there are ____, neurons that secrete hormones into the blood.
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Neurosecretory cells
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____ - water or nutrient ____, not getting enough on a regular basis.
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stress
stress |
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____ - on gecko, often called a third eye, has photoreceptors
Melatonin related to sleep all related to ____. |
Pineal gland
Pineal gland |
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____ require surface receptor
____ - need receptors in cytosol of cell. |
peptides
steroid |
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____ = long distance
____ = neighbor cells ____ = quicktime effects ____ = long term effects |
endocrine
Paracrine Nongenomic Genomic |
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____ - maintaining your bodies metabolic rate within the proper levels.
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Thyroid metabolism
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____ - the rate at which chemical reactions (energy dependent and energy producing) are taking place in your body.
T3 and T4 control this. (among other hormones). |
Metabolism
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Calcium ____ - pth and calcitonin for blood calcium level
Parathyroid gland - Thyroid gland - |
homeostasis
PTH calcitonin |
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____ - increases calcium uptake in intestines, increases uptake in kidneys, stimulates release from bones (increase blood calcium levels)
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PTH
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____ - stimulates calcimum (ca2+) deposition in bones, reduces calcium uptake in kidneys (lowers blood calcium levels)
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Calcitonin
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____ is involved in maintaining the mineral matrix of your bone and also involved in mediating signaling pathways in your cells.
Can have to much or too little, too little - osteoporosis, rickets |
Calcium
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Glucose ____ - insulin and glucagon, for blood glucose levels
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homeostasis
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____- stimulates body cells to take up more glucose, stimulates liver to take up glucose and store it as glycogen (lowers high blood glucose levels)
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Insulin
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____ stimulates liver to break down glycogen intro glucose - (raises low blood glucose levels)
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Glucagon
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Pancreas alpha cells -____
Pancreas beta cells -____ |
glucagon
insulin |
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How do ____ work?
Through a combination of voltage gated and ligand gated channels. Voltage gated channels propagate the signal the length of a neuron. Ligand gated channel "bridge" the synapse. |
neurons
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Dendrites ____,
Axons ____ |
receive
away |
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Neuron "parts" -
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Dendrite
Axon Body Synaptic terminal (synapse) Myelin sheath |
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Inside of cell is more negative than the outside, Resting potential of a cell is ____.
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-70mV
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The ____ uses electrical and chemical signals in nerve conductance.
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nervous system
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____ pathways vary depending on type of messenger and intended response
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Signaling
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Plants and animals use ____ to send messages long distances
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hormones
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