Bio 183 Lect 7 (Test 2)

Front 1

Cells communicate with other cells in various ways:

Back 1

DCAPE
Direct intercellular signaling
Contact-dependent signaling
Autocrine signaling
Paracrine signaling
Endocrine signaling

Front 2

____ - signals pas through a gap junction from the cytosol of one cell to adjacent cells

Back 2

Direct intercellular signaling

Front 3

____ - membrane-bound signals bind to receptors on adjacent cells.

Back 3

Contact-dependent signaling

Front 4

____ - cells release signals that affect themselves and nearby target cells.

Back 4

Autocrine signaling

Front 5

____ - cells release signals that affect nearby target cells

Back 5

Paracrine signaling

Front 6

____ - cells release signals that travel long distances to affect target cells.

Back 6

Endocrine signaling

Front 7

When you are a complex multicellular organism, (____): may have to speak to neighbor, close by, several feet away or even yourself.

Back 7

cells

Front 8

____ - often have gap junctions, little tubes running between the cells therefore very fast information sending.
(gap junctions are common in animals, but also common in plants)
Common in areas all lined up in a row protecting something, like the cells in the gut or the cells in a vessel of a plant.
Typically the cells are similar to one another and working together for a common purpose.

Back 8

Direct intercellular signaling

Front 9

____ -
The cells are growing, as a fetus, or growing new muscle. Once the muscle cells are big enough they will have a receptor, will say "hi I'm new to the neighborhood". So cells can signal and orient to cells around themselves.

Back 9

Contact dependent signaling

Front 10

____ -
Density dependent inhibition, cells stop growing after a certain point/density. (receive message yourself)
Release a substance that they will respond to, but so will all the other cells around them.
Eternalized cells do not have density dependent inhibition.

Back 10

Autocrine signaling

Front 11

____ -
Cells release signals that affect nearby target cells. Great example is the neuron, it send the message to a nearby neuron, not back to itself. (autocrine you receive the message yourself)

Back 11

Paracrine signaling

Front 12

____-
Cells release signals that travel long distances to affect target cells.

Back 12

Endocrine signaling

Front 13

____ - stays closed until some kind of signal lands on the receptor.

Back 13

Ligand gated channels

Front 14

____ - tyrosine kinase receptors can directly phosphorylate when activated.

Back 14

Enzyme linked receptors

Front 15

____ - receptor linked to a G-protein, results in formation of cAMP, which acts as a second messenger

Back 15

G-protein coupled receptors

Front 16

____ - signal can enter cell, interact with receptor to activate it.

Back 16

Intracellular receptors

Front 17

How a cell receives and responds to a signal outside of the cell.
Break it down to 3 steps:

Back 17

RTR
Receipt of the message
Transduction of the message
Response that takes place as a result of the receipt of that signal.

Front 18

____ - receipt of a message, signaling molecule is called a ligand.

Back 18

Receptor activation

Front 19

____ - relay of the message through the cell.

Back 19

Signal transduction

Front 20

____ - required response begins, the response can be nongenomic or genomic.

Back 20

Cellular response

Front 21

____ the receptor, send the message through and see what kind of response we get.

Back 21

Activate

Front 22

____ responses - the response is typically confined to the cytosol, ex. Fusion of aquaporin filled vesicles with the cell membrane.

Back 22

Nongenomic

Front 23

Glucagon ____, cell breaks down glycogen and releases glucose.

____ - cleave glucose units from glycogen and release individual glucose units into the blood up to the blood where it needs to be.

Back 23

signal
response

Front 24

____ responses - the response involves gene expression, ex - genes that control sex maturation are activated in response to testosterone or estrogen.

Back 24

Genomic

Front 25

____ response involves the "gene".

Ex. Hormones that induce sex maturation.

Back 25

Genomic

Front 26

An activated enzyme linked receptor can directly cause the ____.

Change shape, and the shape change will ____ it.

Signal binds to receptor site, activates catalytic function of the ____.

Back 26

cellular response
activate
receptor

Front 27

____ is often the internal messenger.

Back 27

cAMP

Front 28

____, tinkers with the G protein.
It moves along to an enzyme complex, which grabs up some atp and converts it to cyclic amp (which is a very important second messenger)

Back 28

Signal molecule

Front 29

____ is called a second messenger.

Back 29

Cyclic AMP (cAMP)

Front 30

Another important second messenger ____

Back 30

(Ca 2+)

Front 31

Recall ER can sequester/compartmentalize (____), because it is such a good 2nd messenger so do not want it floating around need it (seq/compart).

Back 31

Ca 2+

Front 32

In order to control ____ have pumps involved (pumps typically mean active transport)
Once levels are so low, open a gate and it flows back in, voila 2nd messenger system.

Back 32

calcium

Front 33

2 second messengers, ___ and ____, (very common 2nd messengers)
Commonly used as 2nd messenger, different pathways use one versus the other

Back 33

Ca+
cAMP

Front 34

____ is the process by which one activated receptor activates a whole slew of cellular responses inside the cell.

Back 34

Signal amplification

Front 35

____ - one receptor can send a very powerful signal into the cell.

Back 35

Signal amplification

Front 36

Plants use hormones and signaling pathways to mediate physiological events.

This allows for the control of:

Back 36

GDDR
Growth
Development
Differentiation
Responses to external stimuli

Front 37

____ is controlled by: Phytochromes it is a genomic response.

Back 37

Greening

Front 38

____ - intracellular proteins that are activated by a photon.

Back 38

Phytochromes

Front 39

____ - gene expression takes place.

Back 39

Genomic response

Front 40

Light hits that phytochrome, g-protein gets activated

Activated g-protein now makes guanyl cyclase

Back 40

.

Front 41

____ -
Small molecules that can penetrate cell wall
Induce nongenomic and genomic responses.
Use amplification.
Balance of hormones dictates response.
Control growth and differentiation of plant tissues.

Back 41

Plant hormones

Front 42

____ -
Cell elongation.
Initiate in apical meristem and move downward through stem.
Varied response to concentration.

Back 42

Auxins

Front 43

____, it lengthens cells.
Plant growth hormone.
Its elongates cells. (bends toward light, one side or another)
Tells a plant to grow more stuff - membrane, cell wall.

Back 43

auxin

Front 44

____ - tippy, tippy top where growth takes place
(basil - bushy growth).

Back 44

Apical meristem

Front 45

Auxin - ____ response to it. Gets made in stem and grows down.

Back 45

concentration dependent

Front 46

High ____ levels, inhibit growth.

Back 46

auxin

Front 47

____ -
Growth and differentiation.
Synthesized in roots, move up stem.
Trigger cell division, not elongation.

Back 47

Cytokinins

Front 48

____-
Cell elongation and division.
Commercial application - fruit growth.
In seed - initiates growth following dormancy.

Back 48

Gibberelins

Front 49

_____ -
Ripens mature fruit.
Induces apoptosis.
Leaf abscission (auxin/ _____ balance)
Commercial application - control of ripening times.

Back 49

Ethylene

Front 50

____ - make plants grow, by cell division, not elongation.
Made in roots, move up stem.
They trigger cell division, not elongation.

Back 50

Cytokinins

Front 51

____ - both elongation and division
Great for fruit growth (more ____ = bigger grapes)

This hormone mediates a lot of actions of growth following dormancy.

Back 51

Gibberelins
Gibberelin

Front 52

Hormones in ____ -
Chemical signal that is secreted into body fluids.
Communication of regulatory messages to the body.

Back 52

animals

Front 53

Not every cell can respond to every ____, only those cells that need to respond to that particular ____ are equipped to respond to that particular ____

Back 53

hormone
hormone
hormone

Front 54

____- responds to a particular hormone

Back 54

Target cell

Front 55

A ____ is necessary for a cell to respond to a hormone.

Back 55

receptor

Front 56

____ - all of the organs/tissues that secrete hormones.

Back 56

endocrine system

Front 57

____ - specialized nerve cells associated with hypothalamus, pituitary.

Back 57

Neurosecretory cells

Front 58

Nervous and endocrine system is linked, there are ____, neurons that secrete hormones into the blood.

Back 58

Neurosecretory cells

Front 59

____ - water or nutrient ____, not getting enough on a regular basis.

Back 59

stress
stress

Front 60

____ - on gecko, often called a third eye, has photoreceptors
Melatonin related to sleep all related to ____.

Back 60

Pineal gland
Pineal gland

Front 61

____ require surface receptor
____ - need receptors in cytosol of cell.

Back 61

peptides
steroid

Front 62

____ = long distance
____ = neighbor cells
____ = quicktime effects
____ = long term effects

Back 62

endocrine
Paracrine
Nongenomic
Genomic

Front 63

____ - maintaining your bodies metabolic rate within the proper levels.

Back 63

Thyroid metabolism

Front 64

____ - the rate at which chemical reactions (energy dependent and energy producing) are taking place in your body.
T3 and T4 control this. (among other hormones).

Back 64

Metabolism

Front 65

Calcium ____ - pth and calcitonin for blood calcium level

Parathyroid gland -
Thyroid gland -

Back 65

homeostasis
PTH
calcitonin

Front 66

____ - increases calcium uptake in intestines, increases uptake in kidneys, stimulates release from bones (increase blood calcium levels)

Back 66

PTH

Front 67

____ - stimulates calcimum (ca2+) deposition in bones, reduces calcium uptake in kidneys (lowers blood calcium levels)

Back 67

Calcitonin

Front 68

____ is involved in maintaining the mineral matrix of your bone and also involved in mediating signaling pathways in your cells.

Can have to much or too little, too little - osteoporosis, rickets

Back 68

Calcium

Front 69

Glucose ____ - insulin and glucagon, for blood glucose levels

Back 69

homeostasis

Front 70

____- stimulates body cells to take up more glucose, stimulates liver to take up glucose and store it as glycogen (lowers high blood glucose levels)

Back 70

Insulin

Front 71

____ stimulates liver to break down glycogen intro glucose - (raises low blood glucose levels)

Back 71

Glucagon

Front 72

Pancreas alpha cells -____
Pancreas beta cells -____

Back 72

glucagon
insulin

Front 73

How do ____ work?
Through a combination of voltage gated and ligand gated channels.
Voltage gated channels propagate the signal the length of a neuron.
Ligand gated channel "bridge" the synapse.

Back 73

neurons

Front 74

Dendrites ____,
Axons ____

Back 74

receive
away

Front 75

Neuron "parts" -

Back 75

Dendrite
Axon
Body
Synaptic terminal (synapse)
Myelin sheath

Front 76

Inside of cell is more negative than the outside, Resting potential of a cell is ____.

Back 76

-70mV

Front 77

The ____ uses electrical and chemical signals in nerve conductance.

Back 77

nervous system

Front 78

____ pathways vary depending on type of messenger and intended response

Back 78

Signaling

Front 79

Plants and animals use ____ to send messages long distances

Back 79

hormones