Bio 183 Lect 18 (Final)

Front 1

_____ -
Offspring are produces from a single parent (no fusion of gametes from 2 parents)
Offspring are clones of the parent
More prevalent in stable environments (little selection pressure for genetic diversity)

Back 1

Asexual reproduction

Front 2

Asexual reproduction Advantages-

Back 2

Can reproduce asexually even if isolated
Can reproduce rapidly
All individuals can produce offspring

Front 3

Four major forms of asexual reproduction -

Back 3

Cell fission
Budding
Regeneration
parthenogenesis

Front 4

____ - development of offspring from unfertilized eggs, some animals reproduce sexually or ____

Back 4

Parthenogenesis
parthenogenetically

Front 5

____ - complete organism formed from fragment of parent body

Back 5

Regeneration

Front 6

____ - portion of parent organism pinches off to form complete new individual

Back 6

Budding

Front 7

____ - bacteria

Back 7

Cell fission

Front 8

____ - Two eggs fuse to form a zygote

Back 8

Parthenogenesis

Front 9

Enough tissue on seastar to regenerate into a fully functional seastar, fragment has to have enough tissue towards the center of the star for this to work

Back 9

regeneration

Front 10

____ over time has become the dominant form of reproduction.

Back 10

Sexual reproduction

Front 11

____ - production of a new individual by the joining of a haploid egg and sperm to produce a diploid zygote.

Back 11

Sexual reproduction

Front 12

____-
Allows a more rapid adaptation to environmental changes.
May make it easier to eliminate harmful alleles.
Sexual reproduction allows for greater genetic variation.

Back 12

Sexual reproduction

Front 13

____ -(sex reversal)

Back 13

Sequential hermaphroditism

Front 14

____ - female first

Back 14

Protogynous

Front 15

____ - male first

Back 15

Protandrous

Front 16

____ - individual simultaneously male and female

Back 16

Synchronous hermaphroditism

Front 17

____-
Possess both male and female reproductive systems
In some species, organisms can fertilize their own eggs
Most exchange sperm with another individual to increase genetic diversity

Back 17

Hermaphroditism

Front 18

____ - formation of gametes

Back 18

Gametogenesis

Front 19

Germ cells multiply by mitosis resulting in ____ or ____

Back 19

spermatogonia
oogonia

Front 20

Spermatogonia or oogonia multiply again by mitosis to produce ____ and ____.

Back 20

primary spermatocytes
primary oocytes

Front 21

____ - confined to aquatic environments

Back 21

External fertilization

Front 22

____ - Eggs and sperm are released in close proximity
Occurs in aquatic environments to protect gametes from drying out
Species-specific behaviors to bring egg and sperm together
Usually release very large numbers of eggs at once

Back 22

External fertilization

Front 23

____ -
Can protect that zygote w/in the organism and it is protected from the outside environment
Need specialized structure/organs for this to take place

Back 23

Internal fertilization

Front 24

____ -
Sperm deposited within female reproductive tract
Protects delicate gametes from environmental hazards and predation
Behaviors and anatomical structures varied

Back 24

Internal fertilization

Front 25

pros and cons of internal fertilization -

Back 25

Energetically expensive to feed that growing organism
Need anatomic structures to house and nourish that growing organism
Do not need that high investment in gametes

Front 26

____ - rapid depolarization that takes place

Back 26

Fast block

Front 27

____ - change in makeup of the membrane so another membrane do not penetrate

Back 27

Slow block

Front 28

____ shutting egg off to further penetration, slow block - keeping it that way.

Back 28

Fast-block

Front 29

Inside information of the sperm will fuse with nucleus of the egg and will form a ____. Now have a____.

Back 29

diploid cell
zygote

Front 30

Once sperm fuses with egg, other sperm are prevented from entering, ____ and ____ to polyspermy.

Back 30

Fast-block
Slow block

Front 31

Sperm contact plasma membrane of ova using proteolytic enzymes in ____ to digest ____

Back 31

acrosome
zona pellucida

Front 32

Sperm swims toward egg following ____ from ova of their own species

Back 32

chemical attractant molecules

Front 33

Modes of development -

Back 33

Viviparity
oviparity

Front 34

____ - embryo develops within the mother, investment by mother is high

Back 34

Viviparity

Front 35

____ - embryo develops inside an egg, reduces females metabolic investment but increases predation.

Back 35

Oviparity

Front 36

____ - produce eggs, but produce milk so in mammal category, but not ____

Back 36

Monotremes
viviparitous

Front 37

____ - change over time w/ some breakthroughs

Back 37

Evolution

Front 38

Development of hard eggs
____ - huge breakthrough

Back 38

Amniote egg

Front 39

____ = hard eggs
____, can have young develop further and hatch when they are ready to take care of themselves

Back 39

Amniotes
Amniotes

Front 40

____ in humans:
Eggs develop in one of 2 ovaries,
Typically one egg released into oviduct or fallopian tube
Egg moved down oviduct by cilia
Fertilization usually occurs in oviduct
Blastocyst is a ball of 32-150 cells that enters uterus.

Back 40

Oogenesis

Front 41

___ - oocytes become depleted and ovulation stops

Back 41

Menopause

Front 42

____ -
Most female mammals are born with all the primary oocytes that they will ever have
About 1 million at birth but degeneration leaves about 200,000 in each ovary at puberty
Ovarian cycles lasts approximately 28 days in humans
Several oocytes begin maturation but only 1 is ovulated each cycle

Back 42

Oogenesis

Front 43

Great apes ____ as well, no estrus cycle.

Back 43

menstruate

Front 44

____ is characterized by the bleeding

Back 44

Menstruation

Front 45

____ - genetic predisposition to ovulate multiple eggs per cycle, higher chance of twins.
First step in fertility treatment, is to induce multiple eggs to be released

Back 45

Multiple ovulators

Front 46

____ and ____ are from brain (ant pit)

Back 46

FSH
LH

Front 47

____ and ____ are from ovaries.

Back 47

Estradiol
progesterone

Front 48

____ have an effect on moods as well.

Back 48

Hormones

Front 49

____ or ____ -
Time during which a developing embryo grows within the uterus of the mother,
Length varies widely and is roughly related to adult size
Prolonging gestation protects developing embryo and offspring is more fully developed at birth.

Back 49

Pregnancy
gestation

Front 50

Humans - ____ of pregnancy, lactation "normal" is ____.
CDC says minimum ____.

Back 50

9 months
2-3 years
6 months

Front 51

Elephants - ____ months of pregnancy and ____ of lacation, still lactating while on another pregnancy.

Back 51

18
3-4 years

Front 52

____ - up and about almost instantly

Back 52

Precocial

Front 53

____ days to weeks to be protected

Back 53

Altricial

Front 54

As baby develops, ____ develops, it is a highly vascularized plate that is hooked into moms blood supply, but there is a barrier between mom and child.

Back 54

placenta

Front 55

Umbilical vein back to the ____ is oxygenated, and the artery to the ____ is unoxygenated.

Back 55

baby
placenta

Front 56

Capillary bed of developing fetus is juxtaposed right alongside maternal arteries, blood materials flow from the maternal side to the fetal side, al do this because of ____, they go down their ____.

Net flow out from the maternal capillary beds to the fetal capillary beds.

Back 56

passive diffusion
concentration gradient

Front 57

Pregnancy in humans:
____ in humans,

Back 57

3 trimesters

Front 58

____ - organs develop, differentiation takes place

Back 58

First trimester

Front 59

____ - rapid growth phase

Back 59

Second trimester

Front 60

____ - lungs mature to function on their own at birth and fetus positions itself above the cervix.

Back 60

Third trimester

Front 61

____ on lungs does not develop until the very end of pregnancy, do not have enough to handle normal respiration "their lungs are not up to normal respiration"

Back 61

Surfactant

Front 62

Labor caused by____,
sudden ____ shift, ____ too, the baby pushing on top of the cervix.

Back 62

hormones
hormone
Physical stress

Front 63

____ is released from the pituitary, also a huge push of estrogen that increased the receptiveness of the ____
____ feedback loop.

Back 63

Oxytocin
Oxytocin
positive

Front 64

___ or ____ -
Initiated by hormonal action and other factors
Oxytocin from the posterior pituitary stimulated smooth muscle contraction in the uterus
Huge levels of estradiol stimulate the production of oxytocin receptors in uterine smooth muscle which increases sensitivity to oxytocin.
Pressure of the fetus' head stretches smooth muscle
Triggers more oxytocin release
Positive feedback cycle

Back 64

Birth
parturition

Front 65

3 "stages of birth"
Stage 1 : ____
Stage 2 : ____
Stage 3 : ____

Back 65

the cervix relaxes, causing it to dilate and thin out
uterine contraction increase in strength and the infant is delivered.
the placenta is expelled.

Front 66

Eat the____ , induces a hormone release that helps with milk letdown.

Back 66

placenta

Front 67

One complication, the ____ does not completely disengage completely from the uterine wall.

Back 67

placenta

Front 68

Timing of reproduction
____ with stable temperatures and food supply may reproduce several times a year
____ have seasonal reproductive cycle reflecting large fluctuations in environmental conditions.

Back 68

Tropical species
Temperate animals

Front 69

Number of offspring:
Depends on-
____ at sexual maturity
____ of reproductive events
____ of offspring per episode

Generally, more offspring means ____ of young.

Back 69

age
cycle
number
low survivorship

Front 70

____ - one big reproductive episode, and then they die typically they live in an hostile environment
Ex. Bamboo and salmon

Back 70

Semelparity

Front 71

____ - organism reproduces once per lifetime

Back 71

Semelparity

Front 72

____ - organism reproduces multiple times

Back 72

Iteroparity

Front 73

Recall egg, is so large because it has to provide the developing embryo with ___ until it can maintain itself.

Back 73

nutrients