Bio 183 Lect 17 (Final)

Front 1

____ are molecules of double-stranded DNA they are usually circular, tend to be shorter and contain a few thousand unique genes, they are mostly structural genes with a single origin of replication.

Back 1

Bacteria genes

Front 2

Genes of bacteria are found in ____

Back 2

bacterial chromosomes

Front 3

Packed quite neatly, there are proteins that interact to help pack it neatly. Also more proteins that help supercoil it to a nice unit.

Back 3

bacterial chromosomes

Front 4

Packing is typically involved in a situation where something is ____. This situation is typically when it is making a copy of itself.

Back 4

moving

Front 5

____- other type of dna found in prokaryotes

Back 5

Plasmid

Front 6

____ - Small circular pieces of DNA that exist independently of the bacterial chromosome.

Back 6

Plasmid

Front 7

____ occur naturally in many strains of bacteria and in a few types of eukaryotic cells, such as yeast
____ can be replicated independently of the bacterial chromosome.
____ are not usually necessary for survival but can provide growth advantages.

Back 7

Plasmids
Plasmids
Plasmids

Front 8

Plasmids help ____ cope with environmental change easier than otherwise.

Back 8

bacteria

Front 9

Ex. We manipulate these in many ways, insert into yeast and now yeast produces insulin or another protein that we need/desire.

Back 9

plasmids in biotechnology

Front 10

____ - genetic material is transferred from one bacterial cell to another.

Back 10

Genetic transfer

Front 11

No sexual reproduction. So they mutate/changes take place over time. These mutations can be a problem or a benefit.

Back 11

Bacteria

Front 12

____ can occur that alter the bacterial genome and affect the traits of bacterial cells.

Back 12

Mutations

Front 13

Genetic transfer has several different forms:

Back 13

Conjugation
Transformation
Transduction

Front 14

____ - direct physical interaction transfers genetic material from donor to recipient cell

Back 14

Conjugation

Front 15

____ - DNA released from a dead bacterium into the environment is taken up by another bacteria

Back 15

Transformation

Front 16

____- a virus transfers genetic information from one bacterium to another.

Back 16

Transduction

Front 17

____, It requires direct contact, needs a structure that one posses and the other does not, it is not very common.

Back 17

Conjugation

Front 18

Donor strains of e coli possess a gene, ____ that can be transferred to recipient strains.

Back 18

fertility factor

Front 19

____ - carry several genes that are required for conjugation and also may carry genes that confer a growth advantage for the bacterium.

Back 19

fertility factor

Front 20

Just need a living bacteria living near a dead cell that hopefully has now lysed...

Back 20

Transformation

Front 21

____ - living bacterial cell imports a strand of DNA that another bacterium released into the environment when it died.

Back 21

Transformation

Front 22

____ - does not require direct contact between bacterial cells

Back 22

Transformation

Front 23

Overuse of ____-
Showing your arsenal off to the enemy, when you don’t really need to.
If you do not finish it off will breed stronger bacteria.
Ex. MRSA, VRE

Back 23

antibiotics

Front 24

____- viruses that infect bacteria transfer bacterial genes from one bacterium to another

Back 24

Transduction

Front 25

____, lands on surface of bacteria, will inject its RNA into the bacteria this will be replicated, transcribed etc, it does not have a good proofreading mechanism so will drag some bacteria genes with it and inject into other hosts.

Back 25

Bacteriophage

Front 26

____ - not alive because they cannot replicate without help, they need to borrow the machinery of an prokaryote or eukaryote.

Back 26

Virus

Front 27

____ and ____ are nonliving particles with nucleic acid genomes that require the assistance of living cells to reproduce.

Back 27

Virus
viroids

Front 28

____ can be either rna or dna and both require help to replicate.

Back 28

Viruses

Front 29

Virus is simply a ____ with viral ____ or ____ inside.
They come in many shapes and sizes but all share these two features.

Back 29

protein coat
DNA
RNA

Front 30

____ - vary greatly in their characteristics, including their host range, structure, and genome composition (DNA or RNA)

Back 30

Virus

Front 31

Virus - small infectious particle that consists of ____ enclosed in a ____

Back 31

nucleic acid
protein coat

Front 32

Virus life cycle -

Back 32

Attachment
Entry
Integration
Synthesis of viral components
Viral assembly
Release

Front 33

____ lyses the cells...

Back 33

Lytic cycle

Front 34

What is ____ for the moment? Get yourself ____ and stay until conditions are right

Back 34

ideal
incorporated

Front 35

____- you bleed to death from everywhere. (ebola, hantavirsus etc)

Back 35

Hemmoragic fever

Front 36

HIV attacks our ____ and which dramatically affects our ____.

Back 36

t-cells
immune system

Front 37

____
They think it jumped species in maybe the 20's.

Back 37

HIV, human immunodeficiency virus

Front 38

____-
2 copies of single stranded RNA and two molecules of reverse transcriptase
Packaged into a capsid
Surrounded by a viral envelope
Retroviruses utilize reverse transcription to produce viral DNA that can be integrated into the host cell genome
Reverse transcriptase lacks a proofreading function, makes more errors and tends to create mutant strains

Back 38

HIV

Front 39

The big story here is It is attacking t-cells, rendering them nonfunctional and it is highly effective at it.

Back 39

HIV

Front 40

Just a piece of rna, typically cause problems with plants
Some affect the nucleus, some affect the chloroplast

Back 40

viroids

Front 41

____ -
Composed solely of a single stranded circular RNA molecule of a few hundred nucleotides in length
Infect plant cells
Some replicate in host cell nucleus, others in chloroplast

Back 41

Viroids

Front 42

____, composed entirely of protein, they convert normal proteins to abnormal conformation.

Back 42

Prion

Front 43

____ are even less of a living organism than a virus.

It is just a protein, no genome.

Back 43

Prion

Front 44

When an ____ enters the body of the organism, these convert the _____ to _____. They typically go towards their cns.

Back 44

abnormal protein
normal proteins
abnormal proteins

Front 45

____ - can be infected several years ago and not show symptoms for 20 years.

ex. Mad cow, kuru, chronic wasting disease, jacob-crutchfield?

Back 45

Prion