Bio 183 Lect 11 (Test 3)

Front 1

May have called this ____ instead of protein synthesis.

Back 1

gene expression

Front 2

____ reads an mRNA transcript and translates it into polypeptides.

Back 2

Ribosomes

Front 3

____ process by which a transcript gets made

Back 3

Transcription

Front 4

____ - how you translate that info into a polypeptide

Back 4

Translation

Front 5

____ - sometimes due to an internal mechanism, sometimes because there has been some signal received from outside the cell letting that cell know that here is metabolic need for a particular protein.
(all about the genomic response)

Back 5

Gene expression

Front 6

Each and every cell contains the entire ____ (46 total chromosomes, 23 homologous pairs)

Back 6

genome

Front 7

Each cell differs in the expression of those ___
Ex. Don’t want eye cells to crank out skeletal muscle protein etc etc.

Back 7

genes

Front 8

Cells may ___ the ability to express them, don’t have ___, may be turned off etc.

Back 8

lack
receptor

Front 9

One gene can code for a ___ of____. Not one gene one ____ theory anymore.

Back 9

family
proteins
protein

Front 10

____ base pairs in the haploid human genome (remember 1 of those two haploid genomes is typically turned off)
Only ____ are being utilized to code for protein.

Back 10

3 billion
1.5 percent

Front 11

Transcription and translation in bacteria:
Have ____, less dna, no nucleus,
____ are still the protein synthesis machine.

Back 11

1 chromosome
Ribosomes

Front 12

Eukaryotes:
____ takes place in nucleus
____ takes place in the cytosol

Back 12

Transcription
Translation

Front 13

____ does not leave nucleus until it is ready to be translated, so can make changes to ____ before it gets translated (cant do this with bacteria)

Back 13

mRNA
mRNA

Front 14

____ read an mRNA transcript and translate it into polypeptides.

Back 14

Ribosomes

Front 15

____ is controlled by signaling mechanisms inside the cell, and by external signals.

Back 15

Gene expression

Front 16

____ - process by which a gene, which codes for a polypeptide sequence, is transcribed into mRNA and then translated into a polypeptide by ribosomes and tRNA.

Back 16

Gene expression

Front 17

Each cell contains the entire ____.

Back 17

genome

Front 18

____- mRNA is translated into a polypeptide at the ribosome.

Back 18

Translation

Front 19

____ - DNA is transcribed into an RNA copy.

Back 19

Transcription

Front 20

Eukaryote - ____ occurs in the cytosol.

Back 20

translation

Front 21

____ of the DNA allows for further RNA processing prior to translation.

Back 21

Compartmentalization

Front 22

In ____, mRNA is transcribed and modified before ribosome's can begin translation.

Back 22

eukaryotes

Front 23

In ____, often ribosome's begin translation before the mRNA is even complete.

Back 23

prokaryotes

Front 24

The inability to ____ a particular protein can have a major consequence.

Back 24

assemble

Front 25

Spring = ____ in action!
An explosion of ____ all around you.

Back 25

gene expression
gene expression

Front 26

____ - is the stop point.

Back 26

Terminator

Front 27

What is ____ is from the promoter to the terminator.

Back 27

transcribed

Front 28

DNA has a code assembled from ___,
Particular sequences of ____ form particular sequences of polypeptides which then form particular proteins.

Back 28

nucleotides
nucleotides

Front 29

____ on dna is upstream or before the stuff we want to make a copy of.

Back 29

Regulatory region

Front 30

____ binds to the regulatory sequence first, then rna polymerase will bind next.

Back 30

Sigma factor

Front 31

____ is activated to bind to a particular sequence.

Back 31

Sigma factor

Front 32

____ in the 5 prime to 3 prime direction.

Back 32

Rna synthesis

Front 33

____ will assemble whatever it is attracted to.

Back 33

Rna polymerase

Front 34

____ unzips the dna and acts on either side of it. It will zip along until it reaches that terminator/termination sequence. Once it hit that it will come off.

Back 34

RNA polymerase

Front 35

The decision making/factor is the ____. (with prokaryotes)
And ____ with eukaryotes.

Back 35

sigma factor
transcription factor

Front 36

____, it assembles rna.

Back 36

rna polymerase

Front 37

____ - genes code for proteins and this is the first part by which we are accessing the gen and working toward the assembly of a protein

Back 37

Transcription

Front 38

Genes we are caring about in transcription are ones that code for ____.

Back 38

structural proteins

Front 39

We have a long strand of DNA, and one region codes for actin, and ____ is the process by which we access the info that codes for actin and make ____ which then can be read by the translators the ribosomal ____ complex.

Back 39

Transcription
mRNA
tRNA

Front 40

____ base pairs in the haploid human genome, only ____ percent of the total are protein coding genes, many of these actually code for more than one protein.

Back 40

3 billion
1.5

Front 41

A cell possesses all of the ____, however they may lack the ability to express them.

Back 41

genes

Front 42

____ is the enzyme that makes the RNA polymer,

Back 42

RNA polymerase

Front 43

____- rna polymerase reading the code until it gets to the termination sequence.

Back 43

Elongation

Front 44

____- comes off the dna and the transcript comes off as well

Back 44

Termination

Front 45

____? Are large and interact with anything that tries to pass through it.

Back 45

Nuclearporin

Front 46

Stages of transcription -

Back 46

Initiation
Elongation
Termination

Front 47

Now we have the mRNA that codes for (actin family)
We then have the splicezomes that come along and remove the____. It will then be reannealed and then we have added a ____ and a ____.

Back 47

introns
5' cap
poly A tail

Front 48

At the ____ of this mrna there is a code where the protein will be, cytosolic, membrane bound or secretory.

Back 48

beginning

Front 49

Either ____ can be the template for transcription.

Back 49

DNA strand

Front 50

Often proteins that are related in function are ____ together in gene sequence.

Back 50

lined up

Front 51

Either direction can be the template strand. Still have the same features, ____, ____ and the strand itself.

Back 51

promoter
Terminator

Front 52

Only one piece of ____ despite two possible strands of dna to be the template.

Back 52

mrna

Front 53

Transcription in eukaryotes:
More complex
Instead of sigma factor, five ____ factors bind to form a complex with RNA ____.
RNA polymerase II transcribes structural genes

Back 53

transcription
polymerase

Front 54

Splicing removes ____ from the pre-mRNA transcript.

Back 54

introns

Front 55

Will remove introns, have a ____ added on one end and ____ on the other.

Back 55

5' cap
3' tail

Front 56

The introns are removed, the ____ remain.

Back 56

exons

Front 57

____ are composed of snRNPS, remove introns based on signals from the pre-mRNA transcript. (before it leaves the nucleus).

Back 57

Splicesomes

Front 58

____ (random info: often a methylation tag etc) present on the pre-mRNA transcript that will help to tell it where to splice.

Back 58

Indicator/signals

Front 59

Differential ____ allows for production of multiple proteins from one transcript.

Back 59

splicing

Front 60

____ stabilizes transcript promoting longevity.

Back 60

Poly-A tail

Front 61

____ acts as a signal for ribosomes in cytosol.

Back 61

5' cap

Front 62

The ____ is equipped with a start point codon, a coding sequence and a stop codon.

Back 62

transcript

Front 63

The ____ leaves the nucleus via nucleoporins and enters the cytosol.

Back 63

mature mRNA

Front 64

Have a mature mRNA transcript, has left the nucleus and has entered the cytosol.
It has a:

Back 64

start code : start codon
Stop code: stop codon
Region to assemble our polypeptide

Front 65

The mRNA are checked by the ____ on the way out (cant leave unless they pass checkpoint).

Back 65

nucleoporin

Front 66

____ is assembled from the template.

Back 66

Coding strand

Front 67

For every ____ on the mRNA there is an ____ on the tRNA, it is a match to the ____ sequence on the mRNA.

Back 67

codon
anticodon
codon

Front 68

____ - 3 nucelotide sequence that ends the translation.

Back 68

Stop codon

Front 69

____ - 3 nucleotide sequence that starts us.

Back 69

Start codon

Front 70

____ - transcribing a copy from a piece of dna to a piece of mRNA

Back 70

Transcription

Front 71

____ is making the copy (tRNA) into the protein.

Back 71

Translation

Front 72

tRNA have the complementary code these are known as the ____.

Back 72

anticodon

Front 73

The ____ has a region upstream of the start, then you have your start codon (methionine), This establishes the reading frame.

Back 73

mRNA

Front 74

Have a protein that is needed, start with ____, then ____. Next is the ____ transcript is ____.

Back 74

dna
mRNA
mRNA
translated

Front 75

In the ____ the mRNA transcript is modified, such as splicing (remove the introns), the poly a tail is put on and the cap is added (on the 5' end). At this point we have the mature mRNA can leave the nucleus through the nucleoporins and can get translated in the cytosol.

Back 75

eukaryote

Front 76

tRNA structural features:

Back 76

Anticodon
3' end

Front 77

tRNA
____ - the site of amino acid attachment

Back 77

3' end

Front 78

tRNA
____ - complementary to sequence on mRNA

Back 78

Anticodon

Front 79

Code is____, it give some wiggle room or wobble on the ____ nucleotide there is some "flex room for error". If the last one is changed nothing may happen.

Back 79

degenerate
3rd

Front 80

Should all know ____ is the first amino acid in any polypeptide sequece, it corresponds to the start code!

Back 80

methionine (AUG)

Front 81

Also have ____ codons, these only mean ____, no amino acid.

Back 81

stop (UGG, UGA)
stop

Front 82

____ - the triplet sequences will correspond to a particular amino acid

Back 82

Genetic code

Front 83

Many amino acids have ____, often it is only the ____ letter in the code that will vary, this allows for a bit of wiggle room in the process.

Back 83

multiple triplets
last

Front 84

____ brings the message

Back 84

mRNA

Front 85

____ brings the amino acid

Back 85

tRNA

Front 86

____ - in the whole process, translation takes place in the ribosome's, they are the factories..

Back 86

Ribosomones

Front 87

____ is involved because it provides the amino acid that correspond to the code.

Back 87

tRNA

Front 88

____- are the machines where translation takes place. They are molecular machines where the ____ is interpreted and where the ____ has a place to load or drop off the particular amino acid that it codes for.

Back 88

Ribosomes
mRNA
tRNA

Front 89

____ deliver the amino acid to an activated ribosome that
They get ____, find a ribosome and deliver their amino acid.

Back 89

tRNA
recharged

Front 90

____ - term that describes tRNA that has the amino acid attached to it.

Back 90

Amino-acyl-tRNA synthetase

Front 91

____ is a molecule that delivers a particular amino acid.
That parts of the ____ we need to pay attention to is the 3' end where the amino acid attached (at the top) and the anticodon that complements the ____ for a particular amino acid.

Back 91

tRNA
tRNA
mRNA

Front 92

____ - Catalyzes the amino acid to the attachment to the tRNA.
Or catalyzes the reloading process and gets it ready to deliver another amino acid to the chain.

Back 92

Amino-acyl-tRNA synthetase

Front 93

The specific part is a particular amino acid for a particular tRNA.
Binding site for ____, need ____ because you are taking 2 smaller molecules and are assembling a larger one. Highly ____ process and need ____ for this to take place.

Back 93

ATP
ATP
endergonic
ATP

Front 94

____ - exit site for tRNA

Back 94

E site

Front 95

____ - peptidyl tRNA binding site

Back 95

P site

Front 96

____ - amino-acyl tRNA binding site

Back 96

A site

Front 97

____ - This is the exit site. (after this it goes back to the enzyme to get recharged)

Back 97

E site

Front 98

____ - As the process continues it shifts to this site.

Back 98

P site

Front 99

____ - Loaded or charged tRNA, this is where it is first located.

Back 99

A site

Front 100

We end up with 3 different sites where tRNA can work.

Back 100

A
P
E

Front 101

Both translation and transcription have these 3 stages:

Back 101

Initiation
Elongation
Termination

Front 102

At the ____, everything disassembles.

Back 102

stop codon

Front 103

mRNA will bind to the ___ first.

Back 103

smaller subunit

Front 104

First tRNA binds to start codon sequence on mRNA.
This starts in the middle site, in the ____ (of the ape).

Back 104

P site

Front 105

A site is for ____.

Back 105

Amino Acyl tRNA

Front 106

P site stands for ____ this has the growing polypeptide on it.

Back 106

peptidyl tRNA

Front 107

After the ____ subunit starts with the ____ subunit, then the ____ subunit will bind as well. Now we have a complex that will continue to build that ____. All we have is one little amino acid.

Back 107

small
smaller
larger
polypeptide

Front 108

____ is about turning that code into a functional protein.

Back 108

Translation

Front 109

____ is about accessing that library for the particular code that you want.

Back 109

Transcription

Front 110

w/in ____ we have codes of protein to make it work,

Back 110

DNA

Front 111

As long as the ____ is fully functional it will continue to be read by that particular protein.

Back 111

mRNA

Front 112

(Ricin interferes with ____ assembly)

Back 112

ribosomal

Front 113

____ binds, once we hit the stop codon. Once this binds the whole thing falls apart.

Back 113

Release factor protein

Front 114

As the ____ moves through the ribosome we will see the ____ load or dock with the ribosome and then that particular ____ will leave and go to be reloaded.

Back 114

mRNA
tRNA
tRNA

Front 115

Once we reach stop codon we now have release factor protein and this binds and helps to stop the whole process.
Once this takes place this will block a new ____ from moving in and the ____ with the polypeptide itself will be released and the ribosome and ____ will dissociate.

Back 115

tRNA
tRNA
tRNA

Front 116

The ____ and the ___ move in opposite directions.
(in eukaryotes you get 6 amino acids per second)
The anticodons with the amino acids are just hanging out there.

Back 116

mRNA
ribosome