Bio 183 Lect 10 (Test 3)

Front 1

DNA - ____

Back 1

Deoxyribonucleic Acid

Front 2

Chromosomes are an assembly of both ____ and ____

Back 2

DNA
protein

Front 3

____ - conducted early experiment with mice and two bacterial strains, one benign and one virulent.
His results showed that some material was being passed from one organism to another.

Back 3

Frederick Griffith

Front 4

____ - gave benign strain, gave killed viral strain separately no dead mice.
He then gave combination of benign strain and killed viral strain and then dead mice.

Back 4

Griffith

Front 5

___, ____, ____ later confirmed it was DNA.

Back 5

Avery
Macleod
McCarty

Front 6

___ and ____ use a DNA virus, (which is essential a protein container with dna inside of it)
Radiotagged stuff, figured out that is was the Dna that was heritable, the stuff being passed from one organism to another.

Back 6

Hershey
Chase

Front 7

Structural levels of a eukaryotic chromosome:

Back 7

1. Nucleotides
2. Linked by phosphodiester bonds
3. Double helix
4. Dna, proteins form chromosomes
5. Genome

Front 8

___ - single ring, thymine and cytosine

Back 8

Pyrimidines

Front 9

___ - double ring, Adenine and Guanine

Back 9

Purines

Front 10

In ___ Thymine is replaced by uracil.

Back 10

RNA

Front 11

____
Carbons identified by position in the deoxyribose ring.
5' and 3' carbons form covalent linkages
Strand possesses a sugar-phosphate "backbone"
Sequence of bases.

Back 11

DNA strand, structure and directionality -

Front 12

Key features of how the DNA strand comes together -
Two strands of DNA form a ____
The bases in opposite strands hydrogen-bond according to the TA/GC rule.
The 2 strands are ____.
There are approx. ____ nucleotides in each strand per complete turn of the helix.

Back 12

double helix
antiparallel
10

Front 13

____ -
Analyzed base composition (Chargaff's rule)
TA and GC amounts will always match

Back 13

Erwin Chargaff

Front 14

____ -
Used x-ray crystallography to visualize DNA.

Back 14

Rosalind Franklin

Front 15

____ combined data from chargaff and franklin and worked out the structural framework.

Back 15

Watson and Crick

Front 16

___ and ____ experiments with radio labeled DNA confirmed that DNA replication is semiconservative.

Back 16

Meselson
Stahl's

Front 17

DNA replication is ____

Back 17

semiconservative

Front 18

DNA strand are ____.
As strands separate each is called the ____ strand
New ____ align with parent strand to form daughter strand.
Result is two ____ with same base sequence as original.

Back 18

antiparallel
parent
nucleotides
double helices

Front 19

Circular bacterial chromosomes have a single start point (the origin) for ____.

Back 19

replication

Front 20

___ replication originates at many locations along the linear chromosomes.

Back 20

Eukaryote

Front 21

Two replication ____ are formed.
____ is arranged 3' to 5', so replication can begin immediately.
____ synthesis occurs in fragments (Okazaki fragments)

Back 21

forks
Leading strand
Lagging strand

Front 22

Replication always proceeds in ____ to ____ direction.

Back 22

5'
3'

Front 23

____ facilitate formation of replication fork, maintain separation of two strands.

Back 23

Proteins

Front 24

DNA ____ provides an RNA ____ so that DNA polymerase can begin replication.

Back 24

primase
primer

Front 25

____ can only link nucleotides in the 5' to 3' direction.

Back 25

DNA polymerase

Front 26

DNA polymerase is able to covalently link nucleotides together from a ____.

Back 26

primer

Front 27

DNA primase makes ____ to being the replication process.

Back 27

RNA primers

Front 28

____ makes DNA from the RNA primers. ____ hops back to the opening of the fork and makes a second RNA primer for the lagging strand.

Back 28

DNA polymerase
DNA primase

Front 29

____ continues to elongate the leading strand. In the lagging strand, ____ synthesizes DNA from the second primer, and also removes the first primer and replaces it with DNA.

Back 29

DNA polymerase
DNA polymerase

Front 30

In the lagging strand, DNA ligase forms a covalent bond between the first and second ____. A third ____ is made. The leading strand continues to elongate.

Back 30

okazaki fragments
okazaki fragment

Front 31

____ - long repeat sequence caps on the end of the chromosomes.
This is a protective feature.

Back 31

Telomeres

Front 32

____ - long sections of dna that area repeats, that "cap" the dna, they allow the chromosomes to get shorter and shorter and not impact the important information that is residing in the chromosomes.

Back 32

Telomeres

Front 33

When they use ____ cells to clone, they end up with ____ animals, even if they are newborn. They have ___ cells.
Ex. Dolly

Back 33

older
older
old

Front 34

Dna polymerase can only replicate from an existing strand.
Without ____, chromosomes would get shorter and shorter each time they replicated, eventually would start "chopping" up genes

Back 34

Telomeres

Front 35

Telomeres - protect the end of the ____.

Back 35

chromosomes

Front 36

____- a multienzmye/protein complex that makes these caps, it makes the telomeres on the end of the linear chromosomes.

Back 36

Telomerase

Front 37

____ serves as the template, to serve as the telomere caps at the end of the chromosomes.

Back 37

RNA

Front 38

____ assembles telomeres.

Back 38

Telomerase

Front 39

The telomere protects the ends of ____ from shortening.

Back 39

chromosomes

Front 40

Telomerase is composed of both ____ and ____.

Back 40

protein
RNA

Front 41

Older cells possess ____, limiting the number of divisions remaining.

Back 41

shorter telomeres

Front 42

____ - smooths out the DNA, prevents it from supercoiling

Back 42

Topoisomerase

Front 43

____ - unzips the DNA

Back 43

Helicase

Front 44

Helicase - unzips the DNA so dna polymerase and other enzymes can have acccess to single strands of DNA.

Back 44

Helicase

Front 45

____ - stabilize the single strands of dna, while waiting for other stuff to get going.

Back 45

Single stranded binding proteins

Front 46

____ - lays down a primer of RNA

Back 46

DNA primase

Front 47

____ attaches and begins to assemble based on the parent strand.

Back 47

DNA polymerase

Front 48

____ - "chunks" okazaki fragments, these are in the lagging strand,
Polymerase cannot attach these fragments, need ligase to do this.

Back 48

DNA ligase

Front 49

DNA polymerase needs to lay down from ____ to ____. (nucleotide strand)

Back 49

5 prime
3 prime

Front 50

____ - mistake that goes unnoticed.

Back 50

Mutation

Front 51

____ - one circular strand and 1 origin of replication.

Back 51

Prokaryotes

Front 52

____ - linear chromosomes, billions of base pairs, multiple origins of replication.

Back 52

Eukaryotes

Front 53

____ - Enzyme that assembles the daughter strand of DNA from the parent strand template

Back 53

DNA Polymerase

Front 54

____ - Alleviates coiling by Helicase as the DNA strand is unwound

Back 54

Topoisomerase

Front 55

____ - Sections of DNA assembled on the lagging strand

Back 55

Okazaki fragments

Front 56

____ - Proteins that bind to single stranded DNA and stabilize it.

Back 56

Single Stranded Binding Proteins

Front 57

____ - Attaches Okazaki fragments

Back 57

DNA Ligase

Front 58

____ - Enzyme that assembles the RNA primer

Back 58

DNA Primase

Front 59

During which of the following phases of meiosis are cells haploid? ____

Back 59

Metaphase II

Front 60

Griffith's work with mice and bacteria showed that DNA was the heritable material? ___

Back 60

False

Front 61

Which of the following are general features of a DNA molecule?

Back 61

Phosphate
Deoxyribose
Nitrogenous base

Front 62

____ are a lot of nonsense, they are a protective cap.

Back 62

Telomeres

Front 63

____ is an enzyme that during replication assembles the telomere cap.

Back 63

Telomerase

Front 64

The ____ protects the chromosome from eventually cutting into the meat of the chromosome.

Back 64

telomere cap

Front 65

The way replication works in linear chromosomes, during each successive replication it gets ____ successively shorter.

Back 65

cut

Front 66

____ is 3 to 5 (the parent), because you have to lay new one 5 to 3.

Back 66

Leading strand

Front 67

____ get assembled continuously and
The ____ is assembled in sections.
The sections are called ____.

Back 67

Leading strand
Lagging strand
okazaki fragments