Bio 183 Final Exams Review

Front 1

Amino acids always possess all of the following?

Back 1

an amino group
an alpha carbon
a carboxylic acid group
an R-group, also called a side chain

Front 2

Which of the following structural levels is characterized by the amino acid sequence of the polypeptide chain?

Back 2

primary

Front 3

Which of the following is a macromolecule assembled entirely from glucose monomers?

Back 3

glycogen
starch
cellulose

Front 4

Solutes that dissolve poorly in water are said to be?

Back 4

hydrophobic
nonpolar

Front 5

The endomembrane system inside the cell includes all of the following?

Back 5

golgi
Rough ER
Smooth ER
Vesicles

Front 6

You want to visualize the surface features of a pollen grain or red blood cell, what type of microscope would you use to get the best image?

Back 6

scanning electron microscope

Front 7

Within the mitochondrion, where is the electron transport chain located?

Back 7

inner membrane

Front 8

What signifies the useable amount of energy present in a system?

Back 8

G

Front 9

Reactions that result in postive delta G are typically?

Back 9

endergonic
anabolic

Front 10

Under which of the following conditions does primary active transport of a molecule across a cell membrane occur?

Back 10

If a transporter protein hydrolyzes ATP to ADP and Pi are present for transport of that molecule and ATP is available.

Front 11

the nucleus of a eukaryote cell:

Back 11

Is where chromatin is located
Is where ribosomes are assembled.

Front 12

Reactions that involve water to break apart other molecules are known at _____ reactions.

Back 12

hydrolysis

Front 13

Which of the following is not part of the scientific method?

Back 13

Instinct

Front 14

What is true of the cytoskeleton?

Back 14

Three major types are microtubles, intermediate filaments, and actin filaments.
It provides cells with mechanical strength.
It is involved in cell movement.
It provides for transport of membrane bound vesicles.

Front 15

A fat that is liquid at room temperature is most likely to be composed primarily of?

Back 15

unsaturated fats

Front 16

The sum of all reactions that occur within a cell is referred to as:

Back 16

metabolism

Front 17

Synthesis of ATP in glycolysis is commonly described as:

Back 17

substrate level phosphorylation

Front 18

Some facts about enzymes:

Back 18

Most enzymes are protein molecules.
Substrates bind to a catalytic pocket or active site.
They can be inhibited or activated for metabolic control.
Once a reaction is complete, the product is released and the enzyme is available for a new reaction.

Front 19

Enzyme activities is affected by a number of factors such as:

Back 19

Substrate saturation
Temperature
pH
Substrate specificity

Front 20

What are some fats

Back 20

Phospholipids
Triacylglycerol
Cholesterol
Testosterone

Front 21

what is an example of kinetic energy?

Back 21

The energy present in the rotor of ATP synthase as it turns.

Front 22

The oxygen consumed during cellular respiration is directly involved in:

Back 22

accepting electrons at the end of the electron transport chain

Front 23

What process can normally occur in eukaryotic cells whether oxygen is present or not?

Back 23

Glycolysis

Front 24

What substances are produced in a muscle cell under anaerobic conditions?

Back 24

ATP
Pyruvate
ADP
NAD+

Front 25

During aerobic cellular respiration, a proton gradient in mitochondria will be generated by _____ and used primarily for _____.

Back 25

The electron transport chain
ATP synthesis

Front 26

during cellular respiration, the electrons travel in which sequence?

Back 26

Food>NADH>Electron transport chain>oxygen

Front 27

What statement about osmosis is not! true?

Back 27

a fish that is hypertonic to its surroundings must have some way of maximizing water retention.

Front 28

Plant and animals cells share all but which of the following?

Back 28

Chloroplasts

Front 29

An unsaturated fatty acid that possesses cis double bonded carbons?

Back 29

Is commonly found in nature
Helps maintain the fluidity of cell membranes
Forms a kinked hydrocarbon chain
Is a healthy source of dietary fat

Front 30

Which two features are shared by both prokaryotes and eukaryotes?

Back 30

Plasma membrane
DNA

Front 31

What is a mobile electron carrier?

Back 31

NADH

Front 32

The round ER is the site of?

Back 32

protein synthesis

Front 33

The cell theory collectively posed by Schleiden, Schwann, and Virchow states that:

Back 33

Any living organism is composed of one or more cells.
New cells arise from pre-existing cells by cell division.

Front 34

Triacylglycerols:

Back 34

Are characterized by three fatty acids and a glycerol backbone.
Provide long term energy storage.

Front 35

Which of the following is a toxin that disables cytochrome oxidase, the final complex of the electron transport chain?

Back 35

Arsenic

Front 36

DNA possesses what features?

Back 36

Nitrogenous base
A pentose sugar
Phosphate group
polar regions that allow for hydrogen bonding with other nucleotides

Front 37

The three dimensional structure of a protein can be stabilized by what interactions?

Back 37

Hydrogen bonds
Van der Waals interactions
Disulfide bonds
Ionic bonds

Front 38

What is not an important function of the cell membrane?

Back 38

protein synthesis

Front 39

which of the following metabolites will inhibit the enzyme phosphofructokinase?

Back 39

ATP
Citrate

Front 40

Which functional groups are commonly found in organic molecules?

Back 40

Hydroxyl
Carboxyl
Amino
Methyl

Front 41

DNA is characterized by what?

Back 41

A phosphate-sugar backbone
Histone proteins associate with the double helix
AT/CG base pairing
Semiconservative replication pattern

Front 42

_____ - possessing two idnetical alleles for a gene

Back 42

Homozygous

Front 43

_____ - possessing two different alleles for a gene

Back 43

Heterozygous

Front 44

_____ - alleles present for a gene or a group of genes

Back 44

genotype

Front 45

____ - physical appearance resulting from genotype

Back 45

phenotype

Front 46

The ABO system of blood typing is due to which inheritance pattern?

Back 46

Multiple alleles

Front 47

Patterns of inheritance associated with the DNA present in mitochondria are called?

Back 47

Extranuclear inheritance

Front 48

Which sequence best describes the functional relationship between a gene and a polypeptide?

Back 48

Gene - mRNA - polypeptide

Front 49

Animals exhibit the following life cycle pattern:

Back 49

Diploid dominant

Front 50

What key research efforts contributed to our understanding of how heritable material might pass from one organism to another?

Back 50

Griffiths work with bacterial transformation
Hershey and Chase's work with DNA virsues.

Front 51

What proteins are involved in unwinding and stabilization of the DNA helix?

Back 51

Topoisomerase
Single stranded binding proteins
Helicase

Front 52

What is involved in the synthesis of both the leading and lagging strands during replication?

Back 52

DNA polymerase
DNA primase
DNA ligase

Front 53

Initiation of transcription in eukaryotes includes all but what?

Back 53

attachment of the first aatRNA on the start codon site.

Front 54

After transcription is complete in eukaryotes, what other modifications are necessary before the mRNA leave the nucleus?

Back 54

attachment of a 5' cap
attachment of a poly-A tail
Removal of introns

Front 55

during the initiation phase of translation, the mature mRNA transcript attaches first to:

Back 55

the small ribosomal subunit

Front 56

What is true at the conclusion of meiosis?

Back 56

homologous chromosome pairs have been separated.
sister chromatids have been separated.
Up to four haploid daughter cells are formed.

Front 57

The ____ is the organelle where translation takes place.

Back 57

ribosome

Front 58

Termination of transcription occurs when:

Back 58

a terminator sequence is reached.

Front 59

What experimental techniques did mendel employ in his plant breeding techniques?

Back 59

true breeders
cross pollination
self pollination
use of either-or genes

Front 60

the law of segregation is best observed in meiosis in which phase?

Back 60

anaphase I

Front 61

What is true of x inactivation?

Back 61

The pattern of inactivation occurs Randomly.
It occurs only in cells with two or more X chromosomes.
RNA and proteins assist in formation of the Barr body, or inactivated chromosome.
One inactivated, it remains dormant throughout the organisms lifetime.

Front 62

What is the role of RNA in protein synthesis?

Back 62

Contains the information for a polypeptide sequence obtained from the DNA.
Delivers amino acids based on the mRNA code.
Anchors mRNA onto the ribosome.
Assists in removal of introns from the pre-mRNA transcript.

Front 63

In a dihybrid cross you do not see the classic ratio why?

Back 63

Your genes might reside on the same chromosome.
There may be multiple alleles.
One of your genes may exhibit incomplete dominance.
One of your genes may reside on a sex chromosome.

Front 64

The law of independent assortment is best observed in meiosis in which phase?

Back 64

metaphase I

Front 65

Genes that are present on the sex chromosomes often exhibit inheritance patterns that are attributed to?

Back 65

sex linkage

Front 66

Inheritance patterns associated with continuous phenotypes such as skin color, height and weight can be explained by?

Back 66

polygenic inheritance

Front 67

Transcription can be described as the process by which?

Back 67

a gene is transcribed into mRNA

Front 68

Gene expression involves what?

Back 68

Biosynthesis of macromolecules
Translation
Transcription
Post-Transcriptional modification

Front 69

Some facts about the metaphase chromosome.

Back 69

At metaphase the chromosome is at its most condensed.
Colchicine can halt mitosis at metaphase, preserving the shape of the metaphase chromosome.
Metaphase chromosomes are used to generate karyotypes.
Histones and other proteins contribute to the highly condensed packing arrangement in a metaphase chromosome.

Front 70

What is a difference between mitosis in plants vs. animals?

Back 70

Plants cannot use cleavage furrows for cytokinesis.

Front 71

What is the role of microtubules, the proteins that make up spindle fibers, in mitosis?

Back 71

Microtubules connect sister chromatids before anaphase?

Front 72

During mitosis which protein is associated with the chromosomes?

Back 72

Kinetochore

Front 73

Which phase of mitosis is being described by the following sentence? The nuclear envelope begins to disassemble into vesicles as the chromosomes condense.

Back 73

Prophase

Front 74

Which phase of mitosis is being described by the following sentence? The chromosomes are pulled away from the metaphase plate towards either pole.

Back 74

anaphase

Front 75

what is an electron carrier involved in energy metabolism?

Back 75

NAD+
FAD+
NADP+
Ferridoxin

Front 76

______ can occur when a cell is too badly damaged to proceed forward in the cell cycle.

Back 76

Apoptisis

Front 77

At _____, chromosomes are maximally condensed.

Back 77

metaphase

Front 78

_____ are proteins associated with DNA.

Back 78

Histones

Front 79

A cell's ability to respond to a particular signal depends on?

Back 79

Whether or not the cell possesses the appropriate receptor for the signal molecule.

Front 80

From the perspective of the cell receiving the message, the three stages of cell signaling are?

Back 80

signal reception, signal transduction and cellular response

Front 81

____ bind to receptors inside of cells, and typically initiate a genomic response.

Back 81

Steroid hormones
Estrogens (a type of SH)

Front 82

What is a widely used second messenger in signal transduction pathways?

Back 82

Calcium ions
cAMP
cGMP

Front 83

If you wanted to quickly induce ripeness in tomatoes, what hormone would you use?

Back 83

ethylene

Front 84

Which plant hormone is most closely associated with cell elongation and apical dominance?

Back 84

Auxin

Front 85

Which hormones mediate leaf abscission in the fall?

Back 85

Auxin
Ethylene

Front 86

Hormones can be characterized by?

Back 86

May initiate a genomic response
May initiate a nongenomic response
Can control growth and development
Can have multiple effects

Front 87

An enzyme cascade, such as the series of events initiated by a signal molecule binding to a G-protein coupled receptor:

Back 87

Amplifies the response to a signal.

Front 88

When a cell secretes a signalling molecule that binds to receptors on nearby cells and themselves, this is called _____

Back 88

autocrine signlalling

Front 89

DPIP is deadly to plants because it:

Back 89

Acts as an artificial electron acceptor, halting the flow of electrons to NADP+

Front 90

What are some of the endocrine tissues in the human body?

Back 90

Thyroid Gland
Hypothalamus
Testes
Pancreas

Front 91

What endocrine tissue is most important for thyroid homeostasis?

Back 91

Adrenal Gland
Pituitary Gland

Front 92

Glucose homeostasis involves what mechanisms?

Back 92

Release of insulin in response to elevated blood glucose.
Release of glucagon in response to low blood glucose.
Release of glucose from liver cells.
Uptake of glucose by cells.

Front 93

Calcium homeostasis involves what mechanisms?

Back 93

Release of calcitonin in response to elevated blood calcium.
Uptake of calcium by the intestine.
Retention of calcium by the kidneys.

Front 94

A new flower species has unique coloration. The leaves of this plant appear to be orange. What wavelengths of visible light are not being absorbed by this plant?

Back 94

Red and Yellow
Remeber ROYGBIV

Front 95

In photosynthesis what is the primary function of the Light Reactions?

Back 95

To produce ATP and NADPH for use in the Calvin Cycle.

Front 96

What features are shared by both PS 2 and PS 1?

Back 96

Possess reaction center chlorophylls.
Possess accessory pigment molecules.
Resonance energy transfer

Front 97

The type of light that is least effective in driving photosynthesis is?

Back 97

Green

Front 98

What are the photosynthetic pigments?

Back 98

Chlorophyll A
Chlorophyll B
Carotenoids

Front 99

In a neuron at resting potential what contributes to the charge differential?

Back 99

Presence of anions inside the cell.
The sodium-potassium pump.
Diffusion of sodium and potassium.

Front 100

In a neuron, an action potential is propagated down the axon only if the region known as the ____ achieves threshold potential.

Back 100

axon hillock

Front 101

What are some signal molecules?

Back 101

Epinephrine
The NT serotonin
Auxin
T3

Front 102

During action potential what contributes to the depolarization of the membrane?

Back 102

influx of sodium

Front 103

The organelles in algae and plants that carry out cell respiration are called?

Back 103

mitochondria

Front 104

Cells must pass the _____ in order to begin mitosis.

Back 104

g2 checkpoint

Front 105

In a neuron at resting potential what contributes to the charge differential?

Back 105

Presence of anions inside the cell.
The sodium-potassium pump.
Diffusion of sodium and potassium.

Front 106

In a neuron, an action potential is propagated down the axon only if the region known as the ____ achieves threshold potential.

Back 106

axon hillock

Front 107

What are some signal molecules?

Back 107

Epinephrine
The NT serotonin
Auxin
T3

Front 108

During action potential what contributes to the depolarization of the membrane?

Back 108

influx of sodium

Front 109

The organelles in algae and plants that carry out cell respiration are called?

Back 109

mitochondria