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14 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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name two types of learned behaviors
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-japanese macaques learned to wash food, and then passed on this behavior to offspring
-chimps use plant stems to get at termites, teach to offspring |
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what are the 3 pre-reqs for adaptive traits (natural selection)
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-variation in trait (in population)
-genetic basis (trait is inheritable) -results in differential survival and reproduction (fitness) |
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describe test on feeding behavior in garter snakes (coastal vs inland) in respect to 3 variables of natural selection
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coastal snakes eat slugs while inland snakes do not (only eat fish,frogs).
-variation? yes, slugs or no slugs -genetic basis? yes, doing cross of coastal vs. inland created offspring with even distribution of slug vs no slug -affect survival/reproduction? both snakes brought to inland, predicted that coastal would outcompete since broader diet. However, inland snake outcompeted and reproduced more. The coastal snake had leeches in stomach (parasites similar to slugs). Inland do not eat slugs to avoid parasites. -Conclusion: absence of behavior (avoidance) is adaptive; feeding behavior is adaptive depending on habitat |
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list 7 animal behaviors
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hiding/running
selecting habitats surviving harsh environments (nest) selecting mates parental care (increase offspring survival) defending territories foraging (looking for food) |
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name behaviors that directly affect fitness
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mating behavior (acquisition of mates, survival of offspring) directly affects fitness
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name behaviors that indirectly affect fitness
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food
predator/parasite avoidance refuge/choosing a habitat |
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what are the 5 costs of sexual reproduction
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-competition among males
-meiosis is slower than mitosis -increased risk of predation/disease -energy costs -disruption of favorable gene combination (50% lost) |
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what are the 5 main points of asexual reproduction
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-100% genes transferred
-deleterious genes protected -fast -no mating costs (energy, disease) -widespread (plants, bacteria, reptiles) |
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what are the 3 hypothesis that explain why sexual reproduction has become dominant
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-removes accumulated mutations (repairs DNA)
-diversification of offspring (Tangled) -keep pace with rapidly evolving environment (disease/parasites) (Red Queen) |
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what causes females to be "choosier" than males
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-female gamete size >> male gamete size
-female investment in offspring >> male investment the more invested males become in offspring, the choosier they become |
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since females are usually "choosier" than males, how have males evolved
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-more promiscuous
-evolve strategies to attract females -males fight/expend energy to gain access to females |
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what is kin selection with respect to natural selection
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kin selection is a form of natural selection based on genetic relatedness
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define kin selection
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individuals increase fitness by helping relatives (sometimes this involves foregoing reproduction)
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how is degree of helping/cooperation/sacrifice related to genetic relatedness
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they are positively correlated
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