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214 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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____ - before fertilization
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Prezygotic
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____ ____ - "parts don’t fit"
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Mechanical Isolation
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____ - A group of organisms that maintains a distinctive set of attributes in nature
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Species
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____ - Evolutionay changes that create new species and groups of species, occurs by accumulation of microevolutionay changes
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Macroevolution
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____ are identified by having a unique combination of traits. Historically used physical traits, now can use DNA sequences.
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Species
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____ ____ ____- process through which natural selection keeps two groups separate, prevents interbreeding and thus the development of one single species
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Reproductive Isolating mechanisms
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Prezygotic isolating mechanisms-
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Temporal isolation
Behavioral isolation Mechanical isolation Gametic isolation Habitat isolation |
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Postzygotic isolating mechanisms-
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Zygotic mortality/inviability
Hybrid sterility Hybrid breakdown |
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Underlying cause of _____ is the accumulation of genetic changes that ultimately promote enough differences so that we judge a population to constitute a unique species
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speciation
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____ - small, progressive changes in a single species over long periods = sequence of species, no increase in # of species
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Anagenesis
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____ - cluster of species all derived from single common ancestor (most common)
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Cladogenesis
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____ ____ - geographical isolation results in new species, gene flow between populations slows or stops (most common way cladogenesis occurs)
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Allopatric speciation
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____ ____ - one group spreads out into new areas, undergoes new adaptations
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Adaptive radiation
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____ ____ - new species evolves in same area as parental species (more common in plants)
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Sympatric speciation
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____ resistance - great proof of evolution
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Antibiotic
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Overuse of antibiotics (including soap etc) kills all susceptible ____, leaving only resistant ____ to multiply and "dominate"
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bacteria
bacteria |
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____ infections are also very notorious for being very antibiotic resistant
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Staph
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When one species goes extinct - often have ____ ____ of other animals - classic example of dinosaurs gone, the mammals exploded and take over food resources, niches etc
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adaptive radiation
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____- modern humans and their extinct immediate human ancestors
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Hominin
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____ - all modern and extinct great apes and humans
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Hominid
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4 types of great apes,
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chimps
orangutangs gorilla bonobo |
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Not descended from apes - from a ____ ____
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common ancestor
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Can viruses evolve - ____, although not technically alive, they have dna which ____ over time
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yes
changes |
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Family human tree,not a pretty line it is ____
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Cladogenesis
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____ - see threats, see prey
Can travel over long expanses faster, increases endurance Expend less energy, frees up hands for grasping/using tools Reduce exposure to hot sun and increase exposure to cooling winds - to help cool of brain and could help be another why we evolved as a species |
Bipedal
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Approx ____ species of dinosaurs have been discovered with ____ more yet to find -
Eat everything but not ____ which had not evolved yet |
700
700-900 grass |
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What percent of species that have existed are now extinct - over ____
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99 percent
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How many major mass extinctions have occurred on earth? ____ , but 70 percent of scientists think we are in a ____ right now (over hundreds of years)
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5 known
6th |
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____ - 20 to 90 percent of species going extinct
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Major mass extinction
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Major causes of a ____-
Asteroid or comet Volcanic eruptions Sustained global cooling or warming Falls in sea level Massive land formation |
Major mass extinction
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Modern humans not descended from _____- coexisted with each other for several hundred thousand years, no interbreeding
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neaderthals
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Thousands of descendants - from a single pair
Evolved an entirely new digestive tract structure (cecal valve) ruminant of sorts Have evolved larger heads and overall size Have evolved a harder bite Behavior and physiology changed - generally estimate it should take 10s of thousands to millions of years, but happened here in 30 generations due to the invasion of a new habitat which drives the evolution, and drives up adaptations |
Italian Wall Lizards
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____ - inability to change/adapt = disappearance of species
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Extinction
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____- often accelerates evolution for remaining species, allows a new species or group to become dominant
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Extinction
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Survival of each species depends on how well it fits into changing ____
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environments
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____ encompasses taxonomy and phylogeny
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Systematics encompasses taxonomy and phylogeny
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____ - naming, describing, classifying organisms.
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Taxonomy
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____ - evolutionary relationships
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Phylogeny
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Human Taxonomy
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Domain: Eukaryotes
Kingdom : Animalia Phylum: Chordata Subphylum: Vertebrata Class: Mammalia Order: Primates Family: Hominidae Genus: Homo Species: Sapiens |
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Taxonomy
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Dear King Philip (george w/ plants) Came Over From Germany Starving.
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For taxonomy ____ is most inclusive, ____ is the most exclusive
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Kingdom
Species |
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species or ___ ____
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specific epithet
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the scientific name is ____ and ___ (____)
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genus
species (specific epithet) |
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____ scientific name,
____ if handwritten! |
Italicize
Underline |
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Don’t just look at descriptive term in the____ ____.
All the way down the classes to see how closely related |
specific epithet
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Most closely related invertebrate is the ____, from reading phylogenetic tree
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echinodermata
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____ - branch splitting off from main branch
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Node
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Always indicate time by the ____ ____ (____ of the branches)
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Y axis
length |
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____ or ____ ____ is the bottom one
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root
root organism |
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____ is the ____ of the branch
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tip
tip |
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____ - separate evolution from the others (not closely related to other groups)
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outgroup
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____ taxa - very closely related (____ group, ____ family, ____ genus etc etc) separated recently
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Sister
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A ____ is a group of species that includes an ancestral species and all of its descendants
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clade
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____ lack indication of time versus, phylogentic tree
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cladograms
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Often used to form the basis for a phylogentic tree
____ - Just a representive diagram to illustrate relationships, Shared characteristics |
cladograms
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in clades, ____ most often ____ and ____ not often
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Monophyletic
Paraphyletic Polyphyletic |
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Morphological characteristics was first ____, but now based on ____
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separation
evolution |
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____ are more related to eukaryotes
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Archaea
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____ are catchall for everything misc.
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Protista
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3 domains of life
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Eukaryotes
Prokaryotes Archaea |
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No ____ are known to cause disease in humans
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archaea
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____ live in every known environment on earth
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Bacteria
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prokaryote features
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Named according to their shape
Only move forward or reverse Do not have chromosomes, Small ring of dna that can be transferred easily |
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Prokaryote Reproduction
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1 cell split into 2 = 2 asexual reproduction
Conjugation, donor cell and recipient cell Get a transfer of dna from one cell to another |
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____ - make bacteria invincible of sorts, can survive extreme conditions
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Endospore
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At first glance ____ appear to be more primitive, but they are not ____ are (evolutionary)
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archaeans
bacteria |
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Most archaeans are ____.
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extremophiles
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Bacteria:
Spherical ____ Rod ____ Spiral ____ |
s, cocci
r, bacilli spir, spirilli |
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Cyanobacteria
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Plant like and photosynthetic, grow in huge colonies
But are bacteria Basis of many food chains, w/o them there would be no food chain Are also important because ancestor was responsible for initially putting oxygen in the atmosphere First photosynthetic organism to put that oxygen in the atmosphere |
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____ - using bacteria, using life to remove toxic junk
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Bioremediation
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The chemical makeup is the biggest difference between archaea and ____.
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bacteria
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____ - used to be known as blue-green algae
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cyanobacteria
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____ - require at least 2M concentration of salt (NaCl), = 10x ocean salt water
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Halophiles
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____ - thrive at between 60-80 C
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Thermophiles
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On average ____ ____ individual bacteria on every square inch of human skin.
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50 million
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It is estimated that over ____ different species of microorganisms (mainly ____) inhabit a healthy human body
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200
bacteria |
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Bacteria and archaea, also known as ____, length or width typically falls between ____ and ____ ____.
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microbes
1 10 micrometers |
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Eukaryote Divisions
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Protists
Fungi Plants Animals |
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____: Membrane bound organelles!
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Eukaryotes
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____! = protist
Colonial photosynthetic protist, not a ____ Responsible for at least half of the oxygen in the atmosphere |
algae
plante |
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____- "false feet"
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Pseudopod
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Protist "Feeding"
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Ingest their prey, cilia sweep food particles into their gullet.
Or absorptive, from the environment |
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Locomotion:
Amoeba - moves by ____ Flagella - long ____ ____ (flagellate). ex. ____ Cilia - ____ ex. ____ |
pseudopod
whiplike tail, Euglena ciliates, Parameciaum |
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____ acquire their nutrients by absorption
____ digestion |
Fungi
Extracellular |
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Most fungi are made up of these threadlike structures, ____, form body and roots and absorption takes place through these etc
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Hyphae
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Yeasts are unusual ____ - absorb from their ____
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fungi
environment |
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____ - Decomposers!, super important
(also bacteria and protists are decomposers too) |
fungi
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____ ____ - discovered penicillin
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Alexander Fleming
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Algae is not a ____!
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plant
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fungi phrase
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Freddi fungi took a likin to alice algall
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____, on rocks on trees, can grow in many places that other stuff cannot grow
Combination of features - photosynthesis from ____ and absorptive from the ____ |
Lichen
algae fungi |
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Ringworm - a ___!
Mold - a ____! 30% of ____ are parasitic on plants or animals |
fungus
fungus fungus |
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Phytoplankton = ____
Lichen - ____ and ____ |
protists
fungus, bacteria |
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____ - form relationships with other organisms
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Symbionts
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Ants have ____ in them to break down plant material (through ____ enzymes)
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fungi
fungal |
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____ - close relationship between a fungus and the roots of a plant, helps with absorptive functions
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Mycorrhizae
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Majority of plants have ____ in the roots
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fungus
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____ - technical term for mosses
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bryophyte
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____ - naked (naked seed, not enclosed w/in anything)
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Gymno
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____ - covered
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Angio
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____ = vascular, no seeds
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Pteridophytes
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____ = standing tall, most have seeds
Except ferns and horsetails- no seeds = reproduction tied to ____ |
Vascular
water |
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____ - pine trees, evergreens
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Gymnosperms
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____ - other stuff, flowering plants
(grass, flowers, deciduous plants) |
Angiosperms
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Fruit - ripened ____ of the plant
Eating of the fruit, an ____ tactic to ____ away from the "mother plant" |
ovary
evolutionary disperse |
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____ - most common type of angiosperm
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Dicot
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___ multiples of 3 (flowers)
Veins in parallel - think blade of grass |
Monocot
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____ multiples of 4 or 5 (flowers)
Netlike leaf veins |
Dicot
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____ are found in gametophyte - gamete producing plant (produces egg and sperm)
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Haploid
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____ are found in sporophyte - spore producing plant
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Diploid
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____ = full set of chromosomes (46 in humans)
____ = half (23 in humans) |
Diploid
Haploid |
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____ blood - blood clots in presence of bacteria, use in space station, labs etc to tell if lab is clean
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Horseshoe
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Multicellular
Food by ____ (____ digestion vs fungus is extracellular digestion) |
ingestion
intracellular |
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Domain Eukaryo
3 main chars |
Heterotrophs
Currently 34 phyla Mobile at some point in life |
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All animals except sponges are either ____ or ____
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diploblasts
triploblasts |
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Sponge - unique, conglomeration of cells
____- beside, ____ = beside/similar to animals |
para
parazoan |
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biology is the science of ____
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exceptions
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All triploblasts are bilateral except adult ____.
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echinoderms
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Degree of ____ - having a definite head region, usually with feeding and sensory features
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cephalization
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Diploblasts - ____, ____
No ____ |
cnidarians
ctenophorans mesoderm |
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Only ____ lack tissues, all other animals have tissues; they are called ____.
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sponges
eumetazoans |
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____ ____ - a fluid filled space separating the digestive tract from the outer body wall if they have this they are called ____
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body cavity/coelom
coelomates |
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No diploblasts have the ____ because it comes from mesoderm.
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coelom
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Allows heart to beat, lungs to expand and collapse, stomach to move around --- w/o affecting your body/ movement
Also protects those organs |
body cavity/coelom
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____ - not a true ceolome, not evolved from the mesoderm
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pseduocoelomate
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____ - no space, tissues all packed together (no coelome)
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Acoelomate
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____ - sperm and egg united
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Zygote
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Only coelomate animals:
One little opening starts first, the ____ - either the mouth or anus |
blastopore
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____ - mouth develops first
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Protostome
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____ - mouth develops second (anus first)
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Deuterostome
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____ (____) - no tissues, no symmetry
-____ (do not move) -digest food that flows through cells from water (____ ____) |
porifera (sponges)
sessile filter feeder |
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____ - sac body plan, radial symmetry, tentacles
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Cnidarians
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____ Either polyp or medusa body form
Medusa - free moving Polyp not moving Stinging tentacles, jellyfish only 1 opening food in and waste out same opening Incomplete ____ system |
Cnidarians
digestive |
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____ (____) bilateral symmetry, Very ____, one opening to the digestive system, no coelom, many are ____
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Platyhelminthes (flatworms)
flat parasites |
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____ (____) - Pseudocelomate (earlier slides were acelomate)
Mouth and anus! Superabundant - known at least ____ species. In every environment - many are parasites |
Nematodes (roundworms)
80,0000 |
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____ - segmented worms
little segments on an earthworm, New development - closed circulatory system, blood is contained w/in blood vessels |
Annelids
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____ - foot, soft body, mantle (skirtlike tissue that protects body - may secrete shell), coelom
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Molluscs
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____ - largest phylum of animals
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Arthropod
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____ - jointed appendage, includes insects, crabs, spiders (not insects)
Each segment has a specific function Chitin exoskeleton Most groups have ____ circ system (insects don’t they have an ____ circ system) Have a ____ digestive system |
Arthropod
closed open complete |
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____ -Internal Skeleton, Pentaradial symmetry, water vascular system - allows their tiny feet to propel them (many, hundreds, tiny suction cups)
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Echinoderms
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3 subphylums in phylum chordata
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Tunicata- tunicates
Cephalachordata- lancelets Vertebrata- vertebrates |
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Chars of Chordates (some point in the lifecycle)
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(MD NP)
Notochord Dorsal, hollow nerve cord Pharyngeal slits or clefts Muscular, post-anal tail Vertebrate replace the notochord with a series of vertebrate |
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3 classes of fish
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(OAC)
Agnatha - jawless, parasitic Chondrichthyes- (cartilage skeletons, open gill slits) sharks, rays, skates Osteichthyes- (hidden gill slits) ray-finned and lobe finned (lobe still have their lungs) |
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Class ____ - evolved from lobe-finned fishes, most return to water to reproduce - external fertilization, skin must stay moist (for respiration, as well as lungs) - breathe with skin as well as lungs
Frogs and salamanders |
amphibia
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____ - shelled amniotic egg, makes reproduction on land possible, also have internal fertilization
Membranes in egg helps to prevent evaporation, don’t need water/be water based Alligators, crocs, snakes, turtles |
reptilia
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____ - endothermic (all previous groups have been ectothermic) "warmblooded" feathers, hollow bones, amniotic egg (endo - more nourishment, more repro etc)
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Aves
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____ - Oldest known bird, had feathered wings but more like small bipedal dinosaur
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Archaeopteryx
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50 percent of all mammals are ____
20 percent of all mammals are ____ |
rodents
bats |
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____ - hair and mammary glands!
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Mammalia
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____ - (first beast)
____ - egg-laying, but still nurse young, only two kinds Spiny anteater and duck-billed platypus, both in australia |
Prototheria
Monotremes |
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____ (beside beast)
Marsupials - young early, finish development in mother's pouch - most in australia (except a few opossum) |
Metatheria
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____ (true beast) majority of mammals
Placental Mammals - most mammals, placenta nourishes young within mother, safer, more efficient (safer/better chance of surviving in mother) |
Eutherian
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____ - the study of how organisms interact with each other and with their environment
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Ecology
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5 areas of ecological study
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(L'cope)
Organismal ecology/Behavior Population ecology Community ecology Ecosystem ecology Landscape and Biome Ecology |
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____ components - living components
____ components - non living components |
biotic
abiotic |
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____ is not the same as weather
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climate
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Macroclimate - global climate patterns
Microclimate - local variations in climate |
Macroclimate
Microclimate |
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____ is composed of living and nonliving parts
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ecosystem
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____ ____
Biomes with a lot of vegetation Ground layer - tall grasses, short shrubs, flowers Low tree - short trees, dogwoods etc that don’t get massive Canopy - tallest trees, leaves branch out, shade plants below |
Vertical Stratification
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____ ____ not ____
Closed canopy!, only sunlight is at that top, distinct characteristic of the tropical forest All near the equator = tropic! |
Tropical forest rainforest
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____ -High temperatures and low vegetation
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Desert
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____/____ ____Think African ____
Most have a dry season Most near the equator |
Savanna/ Tropical Grassland
Savanna |
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____ ____
North america ____ Primarily have grasses Cold winters!, not near equator so have fluctuations |
Temperate grassland
grassland |
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____
Think wildfires in california, that is what is burning Ecosystem is very well adapted to wildfires Very dry, mild temperatures |
Chaparral
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____
All of eastern united states (angiosperms) Temperate area - so 4 distinct seasons |
Temperate deciduous forest
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____ ____ (____/____)
Canada - russia, traditionally taiga/boreal forest Evergreen forests (gymnosperms) Long cold winters, but can have hot summers |
Coniferous forest (Taiga/Boreal)
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____
Arctic circle, above the coniferous forests Low vegetation, small trees and shrubs - sound similar to a desert, only temperature |
Tundra
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Remember lentic - ...
Lotic - .... |
still water (I = still)
streams and rivers (o = moving) |
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____ - damp damp soil
____ - very important, rivers meet oceans ____ ____ - deep water |
Wetlands
Estuaries Marine benthic |
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Changes in lotic system:
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Lotic - moving water
Starts high in oxygen, low in nutrients Ends low in oxygen, high in nutrients |
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Need to eat nitrogen - ____ are largely responsible for this
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cyanobacteria
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____ ____ - open blue water
____ ____- diverse group of cnidarians ____ ____ - along the shore |
Oceanic pelagic
Coral reef Intertidal zones |
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Lancelets and tunicates are chordates but not ____
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vertebrates
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____ - the study of interactions of organism with each other and their environment
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Ecology
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____ - what an animal does and how it does it
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Behavior
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____ ____ - study of behavior in natural
Environments from an evolutionary perspective |
Behavioral ecology
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Can do a cost/benefit analysis of any behavior, if ____ are greater ____ is adaptive
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benefits
adaptive |
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____ answers the question how?
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proximate
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____ answer the question why? - typically evolutionary based questions
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ultimate
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____ ____ - based on experience/learning
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Learned behavior
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____ ____ = instinctual behavior
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Innate behavior
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What is responsible for that behavior learning or genes? ____ Comes up with many animals including people
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both, example int is 50/50
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All behavior has ____ basis
All behavior is modified by ____ |
genetic
environment |
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___
Only in litter bearing animals - not in humans and cows i.e. rats, cats, dogs etc Where you are in uterus can greatly affect what you are like later in life, because, males start pumping out testosterone early on in life, that can travel |
IUP - Intra-uterine position effect
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____ - information gained from experience is incorporated into nervous system, used to make changes in response
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Learning
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____ - learn to ignore repeated stimulus
Ex. Lab rat with loud noise |
Habituation
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____ ____ - association made between stimulus and response
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Associative learning/conditioning
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____ ____, pavlov with salivating response,
learned that dog can associate something not associated at all with food with food (bell ringing) |
classical conditioning
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____ - operate on your environment,
Positive or negative feedback |
Operant
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____ ____ = 99 percent of time how we train our animals
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Operant conditioning
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____ ____
Learning by observing another's performance Number one way that children/ young humans learn |
Observational learning/imitiation
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Reinforcement Schedule in Operant Conditioning
____ - certain number of responses before you get that reward ____ - randomly get the reward best way to keep behavior long term ____ - response rate declines when reinforcement withheld |
Fixed
Variable Extinction |
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In general ____ is a good way to learn, they already made the mistakes
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observation
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____ ____
New situation, able to put together previous knowledge to solve a new problem |
Insight Learning
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____ - form association with another individual or object during critical period early in life; long-lasting
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Imprinting
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____ - Interaction of animals living in a social group
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Sociobiology
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Communication styles
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CATV
Visual - bird Auditory - dolphin Chemical (olfactory/taste) - tiger Tactile - ant |
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All animals ____
____ - dreams take place, most vivid here -- most important in terms of memory/learning Infants/children 50% in ____ sleep If sleep deprived, when you sleep you immediately go into ____ sleep If you stop a rat from rem sleep, but all other stages after 2 weeks of deprivation = ____ |
sleep
REM 50% REM death |
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____ improve memory in monkey
Zebra finch doesn't show having learned complete song until after _____ |
naps
full nights sleep |
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Competition in vertebrates often determines ____
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social system
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Two types of hierachies
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Dominance
Territory |
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____ -males provides protection and or food, reduces aggression level, risk of injury/death
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territory hierarchy
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____ - Alpha animal, beta etc basically ranked (alpha gets everything first, food mates etc, but highest level of stress)
Way to keep stress under control, pack animals need a pack to get food |
dominance hierarchy
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____ = direct reproductive success
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direct fitness
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____ - to benefit itself in terms of reproduction, food etc
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Selfish
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____, seen everywhere even bacteria, slime molds
Helps entire group even if it may hurt itself |
Cooperative behavior
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____ - not just your own offspring, but your genes that you care about
So risk you life to help your family relatives that are not your offspring, cousins, nieces etc |
Inclusive fitness
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____ - individual reduces their own fitness and increases the fitness of another individual
Risky!, often putting your life on the line |
Altruism
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2 behavioral explanations -
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Reciprocal altruism
Inclusive fitness |
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____ - you scratch my back and ill scratch yours later, must be in a small social group, individuals not related to each other
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Reciprocal altruism
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____ - Vampire bats - after a hunt will regurgitate blood into the other (bats must feed every several nights or too weak to fly etc)
Baboon - only alpha mates, except when they form a coalition, number 2 & 3 go out and fine a mate, one mates and the other stands guard against number 1 to |
Reciprocal altruism
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Can calculate your _____
Will risk my life for 2 brothers or 8 cousins but not 1 brother |
relatedness
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Child abuse/ conflict much more common with ____
Not sure about study... Deaths (of children) far more common with ____ |
stepchildren
stepparents |
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Does true selfless altruism exist in humans? ____
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Argue it either way
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