Bio 181 Final

Front 1

____ - function, internal transport of gases, nutrients and waste

Back 1

Cardoivascular/circulatory system

Front 2

Arthropods have an ____.

Back 2

open circulatory system.

Front 3

Only ____ animals have a circulatory system.

Back 3

coelomate

Front 4

____ - diffusion through the fluid w/in the ____.

Back 4

Pseudocoelomate
pseudocoelom

Front 5

Typically other "animals" move fluid by ____.

Back 5

diffusion

Front 6

____ - combination of blood and interstitial fluid that is created in the open circulatory system

Back 6

Hemolymph

Front 7

muscles provides pressure to get the blood back to the heart

Back 7

Hemolymph

Front 8

____ - blood receivers
____ - blood pumpers

Back 8

Atria
Ventricle

Front 9

Only one ventricle, so lots of mixing of the bloods, sometimes sending out deoxygenated blood to the body

Back 9

amphibians

Front 10

____ = lungs (to or back)
____ = body systems

Back 10

Pulmonary
Systemic

Front 11

Only 1 atria and 1 ventricle = 2 chambered heart (due have a chamber before and after these so sometimes called "4 chambers" but not really these are not atria/ventricles)

Back 11

Fish

Front 12

High pressure to cap in gills, very low pressure here then throughout the body w/ low pressure

Back 12

Single Circulation

Front 13

First case of double circulation (2 circles)

Back 13

Amphibian

Front 14

Septum is not entirely separating ventricles, so still have some mixing

Back 14

Reptiles

Front 15

Finally completely divided!, almost can think of this as 2 different organs

Back 15

Birds, Mammals, crocodilans

Front 16

____ can expand and contract due to muscles- can increase/decrease blood pressure

Back 16

Arteries

Front 17

____ supply the heart itself

Back 17

Coronary arteries

Front 18

Can correct the valves, or bypass the vein

Back 18

varicose veins

Front 19

Every cell has to come in contact w/ a ____

Back 19

capillary

Front 20

____ = responsible for recycling red blood cells

Back 20

Liver

Front 21

_____ - blood clots in 9 seconds versus 2-3 minutes for a standard chicken

Back 21

fighting chicken

Front 22

140/90 or above = ____

Back 22

high blood pressure

Front 23

____ = clogged artery in the brain

Back 23

Stroke

Front 24

____- Accumulation of cholesterol beneath inner lining of arteries, called plaque, interferes w/ flow of blood.

Both genetic and environmental causes

Back 24

atherosclerosis

Front 25

Approx 70% of cholesterol is carries as ____

Back 25

LDL

Front 26

____ - clogged vessels are opened by inflating a balloon, and/or inserting an expandable metal stent.

Back 26

Angioplasty

Front 27

____ = "men" composed of filament and anther
____ = stalk

Back 27

Stamen
Filament

Front 28

____ - has style supporting the stigma
____ = sticky

Back 28

Carpel
Stigma

Front 29

Most flowers have both ____ and ____ parts on them, some have only ____ or ____, so a whole "____ tree"

Back 29

male
female
male
female
male

Front 30

____ is the only diploid part of the alternation of generation

Back 30

Sporophyte

Front 31

w/in all plants there is this alternation, but as you go through the "evolution" of plants the _____ becomes more and more dominant

Back 31

sporophyte

Front 32

_____ produces spores (haploid)

Back 32

Sporophyte

Front 33

____ produces gametes (haploid)

Back 33

Gametophyte

Front 34

Sporophyte goes through meiosis and produces _____
Female = ____
Male = ____

Back 34

haploid spores
ovule = spore
pollen mother cell = spore

Front 35

The spores grow up/mature to be ____!!

Back 35

gametophytes

Front 36

____ and ____ gametophytes require water to travel through

Back 36

Ferns
moss

Front 37

Fruits develop from the ____, serves to house and disperse seeds

Back 37

ovary

Front 38

Ovule becomes an ____ (hidden in ovary of the flower) = gametophyte
Pollen mother cell grows up/matures to become a ____ = gametophyte

Back 38

embryo sac
pollen grain

Front 39

Embryo sac produces an ____ (haploid gamete)
Pollen grain produces a ____ (haploid gamete)
These haploid gametes fertilize and form a ____.

Back 39

egg
sperm
diploid sporophyte

Front 40

____ - (apical-basal polarity, how the plant knows whats "up")

Stimulates cell enlargement, and responses to light and gravity

Back 40

Auxins

Front 41

Plants respond to their environment = ____

Back 41

behavior

Front 42

____ - cell division (in roots primarily)

Back 42

Cytokinins

Front 43

____ - A gas, ripening of fruit
(Also helps with leaf fall, abscission)

Back 43

Ethylene

Front 44

____ - breaking dormancy

Back 44

Gibberellins

Front 45

____ - like the opposite of gibberellins. Promotes bud and fruit dormancy

Back 45

Abscisic Acid (ABA)

Front 46

_____ (opposite of ethylene)
Inhibit leaf abscission
Deficient in brassinosteroids suffer from dwarfism

Back 46

Brassinosteroids

Front 47

____ - caused by auxin movement away from light

Back 47

Phototropism

Front 48

____ = can be woken up easily

Back 48

Dormant

Front 49

Bears don’t hibernate, simply ____

Back 49

dormant

Front 50

Amount of daylight is "measured" by the ____ - actually measuring the hours of ____

Back 50

pigment
darkness

Front 51

- Short day plants (need long nights)
Long day plants (need short nights)
Day-neutral plant

Back 51

Photoperiodism

Front 52

____- response to contact w/ solid object

Back 52

Thigmotropism

Front 53

____ - response to gravity

Back 53

Gravitropism

Front 54

____ - need a certain range of temperature, so do not get denatured

Back 54

Enzymes

Front 55

Endo = ____
Ecto = ____

Back 55

Homeo ("warm-blooded")
Hetero ("cold blooded")

Front 56

____ maintain a fairly constant body temperature.

Back 56

Homeotherms

Front 57

Homeostasis relates best to which characteristic of life?
____

Back 57

Interact with and respond to environment.

Front 58

At rest most of the heat created by metabolism comes from the ____.

Back 58

abdominal and thoracic organs.

Front 59

Elephant fanning ears (help cool down) = ____

Back 59

behavioral thermoregulation (to release heat)

Front 60

Bat flying - large surface area to release heat, ____

Back 60

physiological thermoregulation (don’t really have a choice)

Front 61

Camels face the sun, so smallest surface area possible facing the sun.
Commorant birds in the morning spread their wings to capture as much sun as possible

Back 61

behavioral thermoregulation

Front 62

Gills other place of ____ - oxygen exchange!

Back 62

countercurrent exchange

Front 63

Here arteries and veins in opposite directions - they exchange heat from hot arteries to cold veins

Back 63

countercurrent heat exchange

Front 64

Can shunt more blood to surface or to the center to control heat loss.

Back 64

marine flippers

Front 65

On a warm day the blood vessels dilate

Back 65

skin

Front 66

____ - mucus - heat conserving

Back 66

Amphibians

Front 67

Urinate ____ on hot days - versus an average day. Water is a temp ____.

Back 67

less
moderator

Front 68

____ - draws water to it

Back 68

"salt sucks"

Front 69

Compare 2 environments - which has ____ salt and which way salt _____.

Back 69

more/less
moves

Front 70

Cell put in ____ - water will move into the cell to equalize solute concentrations and will then swell/burst the cell

Back 70

hypotonic

Front 71

____ is the diffusion of water (across some sort of semi permeable membrane)

Back 71

Osmosis

Front 72

Remember ____ does not move across the semi-permeable membrane.

Back 72

solute

Front 73

Hypotonic (hypoosmotic) - ____

Back 73

less solute

Front 74

Hypertonic (hyperosmotic)- ____

Back 74

more solute

Front 75

Isotonic - ____

Back 75

same solute

Front 76

Water always move ____ of a ____ environment.

Back 76

Out
hypOtonic

Front 77

Once ____ - water is still moving, but equally in both directions

Back 77

isotonic

Front 78

____ = similar to "cold blooded"/ectotherm

Back 78

Osmoconformers

Front 79

____ have a longer loop of Henle

Back 79

Terrestrial mammals

Front 80

Alcohol directly acts on ____
Caffeine also does, but not as drastically.

Back 80

ADH production
Inhibits ADH Production

Front 81

Secondary circulatory system - the ____ collects fluid and cells and returns them to the cardiovascular system

Back 81

lymphatic system

Front 82

____: ventricles is partially divided - reduces mixing of oxygenated and unoxygenated blood in the ventricle

Back 82

Most reptiles

Front 83

Only ____ animals have a circulatory system.

Back 83

coelomate

Front 84

____ - stems, leaves, flowers, support, above ground, photosynthesis, reproduction

Back 84

Shoots

Front 85

____ - anchor, absorb nutrients, store food

Back 85

Roots

Front 86

____ - enclose and protect flower bud

Back 86

Sepals

Front 87

____ - advertise flower to pollinators

Back 87

Petals

Front 88

____ - is a filament (stalk) with an anther on top

Back 88

Stamen

Front 89

____ - produces pollen through meiosis

Back 89

Anther

Front 90

____ - long style (neck) with stigma (pollen landing) on top and ovary chamber at bottom

Back 90

Carpel

Front 91

____ = small molecules that serve as chemical signals

Back 91

Plant hormones

Front 92

____ - the "plant stress hormone"

Back 92

Abscisic Acid (ABA)

Front 93

Photoperiodism is controlled by the plant pigment ____

Back 93

phytochrome

Front 94

____ - has a fundamental influence on biochemistry and physiology in animals, affecting the rate of reaction and the characteristics of molecules

Back 94

Temperature

Front 95

Countercurrent heat exchange is a type of ____.

Back 95

physiological thermoregulation

Front 96

____ - shivering (muscle contraction), brown fat

Back 96

Homeotherms can produce heat

Front 97

____ - balancing the uptake and loss of water and solutes

Back 97

Osmoregulation

Front 98

If body fluids have a solute concentration that is different from that of the _____, must use ____ to regulate water loss or gain

Back 98

environment
energy

Front 99

____- maintain their body fluids at different solute concentration from surrounding environment

Back 99

Osmoregulators

Front 100

____ - get rid or waste in a shelled egg

Back 100

Uric acid

Front 101

____ - forms and excreted nitrogenous wastes in urine

Back 101

Excretory system

Front 102

____ = toxic, most aquatic animals
____ = much less toxic, produced in liver, very water soluble; mammals amphibians a few fish
____ - also less toxic, but crystalline

Back 102

Ammonia
Urea
Uric Acid

Front 103

____ - kidneys, ureters, urinary bladder, urethra, associated blood vessels

Back 103

Urinary system

Front 104

Promotes dormancy?

Back 104

Abscissic acid

Front 105

Two species differ more from noticeably from one another when they are sympatric?

Back 105

Character displacement

Front 106

The greatest amount of nutrient absorption takes place in the?

Back 106

Jejunum

Front 107

Haploid generation in plants?

Back 107

Gametophyte

Front 108

only diploid part of plant is the

Back 108

sporophyte

Front 109

Sequence of levels-

Back 109

Organism
population
community
ecosystem
biosphere

Front 110

Survivorship curve - ____ = most are surviving early years

Back 110

type 1